1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,279 [♪] 4 00:00:19,360 --> 00:00:22,319 [wind gusting] 5 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:36,679 [reporter 1] Wildfires are burning out of control... 6 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:38,319 [reporter 2] At least five people are dead tonight... 7 00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:41,919 [♪] 8 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:54,839 [reporter 3] Largest storm to hit Japan in at least six decades... 9 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:57,079 [reporter 4] At least 18 people are confirmed to have died... 10 00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:09,839 [reporter 5] Floods and landslides across South Asia. 11 00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:11,799 More than a hundred people are known to have died. 12 00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:14,359 [reporter 6] Scientists warn no part of the world 13 00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:16,359 will be spared from the climate crisis. 14 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:26,599 [Matthew Shupe] The Arctic is changing faster 15 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:28,119 than the rest of the world. 16 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:31,559 [Allison Fong] Within my lifetime, 17 00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:34,679 there may no longer be permanent sea ice. 18 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:38,759 [John Cassano] We're playing a game 19 00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:40,919 where we don't know what the outcome is going to be. 20 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:49,119 [male narrator] The Arctic. 21 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:50,759 For millions of years, 22 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:53,319 this frozen ocean has cooled our planet 23 00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:55,319 and controlled our weather. 24 00:01:57,480 --> 00:02:00,719 But this remote world is a scientific mystery. 25 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:04,159 And it's melting... 26 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:05,639 fast... 27 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:10,399 with consequences for all life on Earth. 28 00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:17,039 This is the story of a vital scientific mission: 29 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:23,599 To understand what's happening... 30 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:28,599 before it's too late. 31 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:55,359 A global team of scientists is setting out 32 00:02:55,440 --> 00:02:58,159 on the biggest polar expedition ever attempted. 33 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:03,999 [Fong] MOSAiC, as a mission, 34 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:08,879 is the modern climate science equivalent of going to the moon. 35 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:16,639 If you asked me if I'd ever imagined myself 36 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:18,359 working in the Arctic, 37 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:20,359 going to polar bear safety training, 38 00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:24,039 handling a rifle, I would have laughed at you. 39 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:25,719 I would have been like, you're crazy. 40 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:27,319 There's no way. 41 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:29,559 I'm a microbiologist doing microbial ecology 42 00:03:29,640 --> 00:03:32,919 out of Hawaii in the big blue ocean. 43 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:35,079 I don't even know what you're talking about. 44 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:40,759 [narrator] The mission, led by Germany's Alfred Wegner Institute, 45 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:42,959 has been ten years in the planning. 46 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:45,519 We'll start here. 47 00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:47,479 [Markus Rex] We have hundreds of people 48 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:50,519 from 37 different nationalities onboard. 49 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,239 It's just a massive operation 50 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:55,999 on a scale that we have never seen in the Arctic before. 51 00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:57,319 There should be something... 52 00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:00,119 [indistinct chattering] 53 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:02,159 [Shupe] We have this all-star team 54 00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:05,679 of scientists here together, all with a shared vision, 55 00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,999 a shared mission to be here to study 56 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:09,199 this changing Arctic system. 57 00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:13,679 [narrator] The plan is a world first: 58 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:15,239 To take the Polarstern, 59 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:17,679 a high-tech research icebreaker, 60 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:20,719 and pack it with equipment to study the Arctic 61 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:22,159 for an entire year. 62 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:27,919 [Shupe] We're taking a whole new level of sophistication with us. 63 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:30,159 Onboard the ship will be instruments 64 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,839 that have never been installed in the central Arctic, 65 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:35,679 that will give us this insight 66 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:39,639 into details that we just haven't observed before. 67 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:45,679 We're going out on an adventure, 68 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:49,599 an international expedition into a frontier, really. 69 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:51,999 I mean, the Arctic is still a frontier. 70 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:00,279 [wind gusting] 71 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:08,639 [narrator] From Norway, the team will head deep into the Arctic ice cap... 72 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:14,279 a frozen ocean that grows and shrinks with the seasons. 73 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:20,359 Once there, they'll shut off the engines 74 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:23,759 and let the ice freeze around the ship. 75 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:31,519 Locked in place, 76 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:33,799 they'll explore every aspect of the Arctic 77 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:35,159 as never before: 78 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:37,239 through the constant darkness 79 00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:38,879 of an Arctic winter, 80 00:05:38,960 --> 00:05:42,159 and some of the harshest conditions on earth. 81 00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:49,119 If successful, we will better understand 82 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:50,639 our fast-changing world... 83 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:00,839 and what we can do to save it. 84 00:06:26,840 --> 00:06:28,319 [laughter] 85 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:35,799 [Esther Horvath] This is, for me, 86 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:38,279 the most beautiful environment on the planet. 87 00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:43,479 The ice constantly changes, 88 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,839 and every hour you can experience something different. 89 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:55,639 It's... 90 00:06:56,960 --> 00:06:58,519 so fragile. 91 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:03,399 It's such a unique place on this earth. 92 00:07:05,680 --> 00:07:07,679 And full of life. 93 00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:15,519 [camera shutter clicks] 94 00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:17,799 I feel that I have a calling, 95 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:22,039 and I can tell stories about what is happening here. 96 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:27,399 It just feels sad that this can disappear. 97 00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:41,639 [narrator] The Arctic is warming more than twice as fast 98 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:43,039 as the rest of the planet. 99 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:46,599 Today, sea ice in the summertime 100 00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:50,079 covers only half the area it did just 40 years ago. 101 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:55,279 The world's cooling system is breaking down. 102 00:07:57,080 --> 00:08:00,439 [Shupe] Decades ago, when there was more extensive ice cover, 103 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:02,519 a lot of the sunlight that comes in in the summertime 104 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:05,559 would just reflect back off that really bright white surface 105 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:07,879 and go back to space. 106 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:11,759 Now we have progressively less and less sea ice, 107 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:13,679 and that exposes more ocean. 108 00:08:13,760 --> 00:08:15,399 And that open ocean is dark. 109 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,279 It absorbs the sunlight, 110 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:20,919 and therefore warms up the ocean and melts even more ice. 111 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:23,679 So you can imagine this runaway process 112 00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:26,359 of more warming of the Arctic system, 113 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:28,239 more ice melting, 114 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:31,239 and therefore the Arctic is going to continue to warm faster 115 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:32,959 than the rest of the globe. 116 00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:37,879 [narrator] As the Arctic melts, 117 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,279 global temperatures will spiral 118 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:43,039 and our weather will change dramatically. 119 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:46,439 To combat climate change, 120 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:49,239 we first need to understand this little-explored world. 121 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:52,879 With time running out for planet Earth, 122 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:55,759 the mission aims to gather the vital data needed 123 00:08:55,840 --> 00:08:58,159 to inform policy makers. 124 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:03,279 [Rex] We need to take the right decisions now. 125 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:07,959 We need to be able to tell our societies 126 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:10,599 what the consequences of today's decisions will be 127 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:12,359 for future generations. 128 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:16,439 For that, we need a good understanding 129 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:17,679 of the climate system, 130 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:18,799 and that is why we are here. 131 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:39,279 [indistinct chatter] 132 00:09:41,360 --> 00:09:44,519 This looks great, I think, as far as size. 133 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:49,479 [Shupe] The start of our expedition is really important. 134 00:09:49,560 --> 00:09:53,719 We're going into the sea ice to try to find an ice floe. 135 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:57,759 An ice floe is a discrete chunk of ice. 136 00:09:57,840 --> 00:09:59,519 It's maybe a couple of kilometres across. 137 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:04,559 Ideally, our ice floe will be thick enough 138 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:06,439 so that it can support all of our equipment 139 00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:08,079 that we want to put out on the ice. 140 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:09,559 And, yeah, this stuff that's right there 141 00:10:09,640 --> 00:10:11,359 is the drop layer that's underneath. 142 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:13,919 It often breaks off... 143 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,519 [Shupe] And this will be our home for the next year. 144 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,759 So this is really a crucial moment in our whole expedition. 145 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:24,599 [narrator] The success of the mission 146 00:10:24,680 --> 00:10:27,999 depends on taking advantage of a natural phenomenon. 147 00:10:29,920 --> 00:10:33,839 The plan is to hitch a ride on the constantly moving sea ice. 148 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:36,519 Freezing in near Russia, 149 00:10:36,600 --> 00:10:38,839 this trans-polar drift 150 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,479 will carry them close to the North Pole... 151 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,239 and then out towards the Atlantic. 152 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:47,719 [Shupe] If we pick the right ice floe, 153 00:10:47,800 --> 00:10:50,039 then we'll stay in the ice pack for a full year. 154 00:10:51,200 --> 00:10:52,479 If we pick the wrong ice floe... 155 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:55,399 it might drift out to the ice edge 156 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:57,239 faster than we anticipated. 157 00:10:57,320 --> 00:10:58,999 It might break up. 158 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:01,719 And so we're walking a thin line here. 159 00:11:03,320 --> 00:11:04,639 [man, over radio] We are standing by. 160 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:08,719 -Copy that. -We'll take over now. 161 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:10,439 OK, door is closed. 162 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:15,759 [Shupe] We have to understand the ice. 163 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:20,599 To put boots on the ice is really essential. 164 00:11:20,680 --> 00:11:22,719 [indistinct chatter over radio] 165 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:34,359 [speaking German] 166 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:37,639 [speaking German] Thirty three centimetres. 167 00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:41,719 [Rex] Our dream would be an ice floe that is thicker 168 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:43,359 than one metre 20. 169 00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:46,519 Just a stable island of ice. 170 00:11:46,600 --> 00:11:49,719 [speaking German] Thirty eight centimetres. 171 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:51,479 So far, we haven't seen any of those. 172 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:53,959 Well here, this one isn't it. 173 00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,559 [Rex] We had a record-breaking hot summer in the Arctic 174 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:03,479 that has affected the ice around us. 175 00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:07,119 In many parts, it's only 80 centimetres thin, 176 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:09,759 and only half of that is stable ice. 177 00:12:11,640 --> 00:12:13,519 OK, OK, this is not our floe. 178 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:23,199 [Rex] So the results of these surveys 179 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:27,399 are that the floes are all thin... 180 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:30,199 [Shupe] The ice floes are weaker. 181 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:31,599 They're thinner. 182 00:12:31,680 --> 00:12:34,359 They seems to be not as strong 183 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:35,959 as some of the ice floes in the past. 184 00:12:36,040 --> 00:12:37,759 I mean, we could get into a state 185 00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:39,399 where we can't fly for the next week. 186 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:42,719 [Fong] People are nervous. 187 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:46,519 We have spent so much time 188 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:50,119 preparing for this scientific endeavour. 189 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,519 We can't afford for anyone's equipment 190 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:55,639 to not be out on the ice. 191 00:12:55,720 --> 00:12:58,119 [speaking German] 192 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:03,639 [Fong] I feel this immense amount of pressure that we have, 193 00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:07,119 that we're creating a benchmark of measurements 194 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:11,199 that we may never be able to repeat in the future. 195 00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:16,479 I feel a huge sense of responsibility. 196 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:20,199 [wind whistling] 197 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:48,279 [Shupe] This is interesting. 198 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,119 This whole area here looks somewhat homogeneous. 199 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:52,999 Yeah. 200 00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:55,079 [Rex] So we have looked at a number of floes now. 201 00:13:55,160 --> 00:13:57,279 They all look the same. 202 00:13:57,360 --> 00:13:58,639 [Shupe] We'll look over here. 203 00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:00,319 Yeah. 204 00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:02,319 Yeah, that's cool. Thanks for this. 205 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:05,319 [Rex] But there is this one 206 00:14:05,400 --> 00:14:06,759 which looks a little different. 207 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:08,719 [indistinct chatter] 208 00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:21,839 So we first go some 50 metres that way, 209 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:23,319 and then we go-- 210 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:25,719 Try to walk parallel to Polarstern over there. 211 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:34,399 [Shupe] There are quite a few potential hazards out there. 212 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:38,639 How thick is the ice? 213 00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:41,239 Is it stable? Is it safe? 214 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,599 With every step further away from the ship, 215 00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:49,879 you're getting out into the unknown. 216 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:56,159 It's an exposure, a vulnerability. 217 00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:06,199 [Rex] Matt, this is Markus. Matt, this is Markus. 218 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:10,719 [Shupe, over radio] Markus, Matt. 219 00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:14,159 So we right now are standing at about 3 o'clock from you. 220 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:18,039 I think our thinnest ice was 70 cm 221 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:21,839 and we've seen some up to multiple metres. 222 00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:25,279 And there's quite an extensive area of that thicker ice. 223 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:27,079 [Rex] All right, Matt. thanks. 224 00:15:27,160 --> 00:15:28,999 That sounds great. 225 00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:35,799 [narrator] After days of uncertainty, 226 00:15:35,880 --> 00:15:38,319 it's a massive relief. 227 00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:43,439 From now on, they'll be in the hands of nature. 228 00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:05,999 [Fong] You suddenly recognize, 229 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:07,999 oh, this is real. 230 00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:10,279 We have arrived. 231 00:16:10,360 --> 00:16:13,679 And just when you think that you've been working, 232 00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:15,279 the real work begins. 233 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:17,399 [♪] 234 00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:20,919 [man shouting in German] 235 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:28,479 I think we should build this up and we should get it moving. 236 00:16:28,560 --> 00:16:30,639 [Verena] Yes, bring the sledge back to the boat, 237 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:32,399 and then you can send your team here. 238 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:33,839 [man, over radio] Received. 239 00:16:33,920 --> 00:16:35,959 [narrator] The team needs to unload 240 00:16:36,040 --> 00:16:38,599 a hundred tons of equipment... 241 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:40,319 and set up bases out on the ice. 242 00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:46,159 With just a few days remaining before the perpetual darkness 243 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:50,679 of Arctic winter arrives, the pressure's on. 244 00:16:52,240 --> 00:16:53,879 [Fong] Every day, we're looking out the window, 245 00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,159 and light is diminishing. 246 00:16:57,440 --> 00:16:58,999 And it's a race against time. 247 00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:01,359 Hey, Ian, can I grab your team 248 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:03,599 and we just kind of all pull it. 249 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:10,919 [narrator] The plan is to build a series of research stations, 250 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,279 they call ice cities, 251 00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:15,199 each with a specific purpose. 252 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:18,879 [Fong] So there's Balloon Town, 253 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:22,239 and Ocean City, and Met City. 254 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:25,799 And these are places that are supporting the scientists 255 00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:28,079 as they do work in the field. 256 00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:34,039 [narrator] The cities are packed with cutting-edge equipment 257 00:17:34,120 --> 00:17:37,039 to explore every aspect of the Arctic-- 258 00:17:37,120 --> 00:17:39,599 its atmosphere, ice... 259 00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:41,999 and the deep oceans beneath. 260 00:17:44,360 --> 00:17:47,199 Power cables stretching up to half a mile 261 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:49,719 connect them all to the Polarstern. 262 00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:52,239 More remote still, 263 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:53,839 a network of satellite science sites 264 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:56,599 and isolated monitoring stations. 265 00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,319 The entire complex stretches across an area 266 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,199 of around two and a half thousand square miles. 267 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,279 [Shupe] There's different aspects of science-- 268 00:18:08,360 --> 00:18:10,359 atmosphere, ice, ocean, 269 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:14,079 looking at physical processes, chemical processes, 270 00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:16,199 biological processes. 271 00:18:18,120 --> 00:18:19,959 Different measurements, different equipment. 272 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,159 Such a huge collection of activities out there. 273 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:35,919 [wind gusting] 274 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:42,479 Radio check on 16. 275 00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:45,919 [Shupe] Yeah, this is Matt with the tripod team for the day, 276 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:47,559 and we're going to be heading out now. 277 00:18:57,480 --> 00:18:59,599 [Fong] I think the day-to-day challenge 278 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:01,719 is how you handle the cold. 279 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,439 You talk about minus 40 degrees, 280 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:11,039 but it's a different thing to experience it. 281 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:15,719 [indistinct radio chatter] 282 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:19,719 [Shupe] The Arctic can be harsh. 283 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:25,639 If you have to fix some little piece of an instrument, 284 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:28,519 sometimes you need to take your bare hand out to do that. 285 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:30,079 That could be a huge challenge 286 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:33,639 and could lead to frostbite in your fingers. 287 00:19:38,320 --> 00:19:41,159 [narrator] But the cold is not the only danger. 288 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:43,999 Did you feel that little...? 289 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:45,599 And you hear the sound? 290 00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:48,519 Interesting. 291 00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,159 Well, be ready. 292 00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:53,599 [man] Yeah, right here, look at this. 293 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:55,559 [Shupe] Well, you get to see a crack play out 294 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,199 right in front of your eyes. 295 00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:01,479 [man, over radio] From our position, there's a big crack 296 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,439 directly from the open water to Met City. 297 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:10,639 Width, approximately 8 to 10 centimetres. 298 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:14,159 [Shupe] Bridge, bridge. Matt at Met City. 299 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:18,559 See that crack? It comes right over by where I'm standing, right by our tower. 300 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:25,519 A crack going right through Met City is a huge challenge. 301 00:20:26,720 --> 00:20:29,759 It could just pull the whole tower down. 302 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,639 Out here, it's about 1 cm right now. 303 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:34,679 But it seems to be opening a little bit. 304 00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:44,719 The ice appears to be different than it has been in the past. 305 00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:49,119 I didn't anticipate seeing so many cracks 306 00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,279 so early in the expedition. 307 00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:53,479 We're just setting up our equipment, 308 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,159 and already our installations are under threat. 309 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,999 [narrator] And out in the darkness, 310 00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:09,479 there's another threat. 311 00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:18,439 [boat horn blowing] 312 00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:26,999 [Esther] I'm standing there on this small hill at Met City, 313 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,079 on my very first polar bear guard duty. 314 00:21:30,160 --> 00:21:31,679 [Esther, over radio] Bridge, bridge. 315 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:33,039 [man, over radio] Pack your stuff together. 316 00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:34,959 You have to evacuate. 317 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:37,399 [Esther] Suddenly, I hear from the bridge 318 00:21:37,480 --> 00:21:39,839 that two polar bears are approaching us. 319 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:42,399 [indistinct murmuring] 320 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:44,239 [Esther] They are a thousand metres away. 321 00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:46,519 Nine hundred metres away. 322 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:51,039 And we all have to go back immediately. 323 00:21:51,120 --> 00:21:54,759 In that second, I start to shout. 324 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:58,959 [Esther] Stop doing what you are doing and go to the Ski-Doo. 325 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:01,359 Polar bears, if they are hungry, 326 00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:02,799 they will hunt for a person. 327 00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:08,599 [Rex] These huge animals can reach 328 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:10,399 speeds of 60 kilometres per hour. 329 00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:12,599 And everybody has to have that in mind. 330 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,239 Once a polar bear is close, 331 00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:18,519 it can be at the person in seconds. 332 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:24,479 [Esther] I am the only person who has a rifle, 333 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:27,159 and am I going to be able to use it 334 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:30,519 protecting all the people around me? 335 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,039 And there's a lot of people there. 336 00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:37,879 [Shupe, over radio] Bridge, bridge, Matt... 337 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:41,479 We are actually really full here. 338 00:22:41,560 --> 00:22:44,279 [Esther] And I'm just counting the people and then wondering, 339 00:22:44,360 --> 00:22:47,879 like, are we going to fit on the Ski-Doos? 340 00:22:47,960 --> 00:22:50,279 [Shupe] We're going to try to load everybody on these. 341 00:22:50,360 --> 00:22:52,039 It's going to be really full but we'll... 342 00:22:52,120 --> 00:22:54,119 try to make it out with what we have here. 343 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:58,359 Guys, hurry up! 344 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:00,799 [Esther] In my mind, 345 00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:03,399 I don't care how small the sleds are. 346 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:05,879 Everybody has to fit. 347 00:23:05,960 --> 00:23:08,479 We all have to go back now. 348 00:23:13,880 --> 00:23:15,639 As we are driving back... 349 00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:18,559 my fear is suddenly 350 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,919 I will have a bear ahead of me. 351 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:35,479 As we all got onboard... 352 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:37,999 [man, over radio] Bridge, bridge, this is Gaute. Over. 353 00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:40,799 [Esther] ...that was a second when I saw them. 354 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:44,519 [man 2, over radio] Yes, bridge? 355 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:48,799 Polar bears are at a hundred metres. 356 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,999 [Shupe] Once we have everybody safe, 357 00:23:51,080 --> 00:23:54,039 the story's not over. 358 00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:56,439 We really don't want the polar bears 359 00:23:56,520 --> 00:23:58,079 messing around with our equipment, 360 00:23:58,160 --> 00:23:59,759 both for the sake of the instrumentation, 361 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:02,399 but also for the sake of the bears. 362 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:05,079 [man 1, over radio] I will inform you when you have to shoot with the flare guns. 363 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:06,919 Where is Trude? 364 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:10,319 She is right next to me. 365 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:12,279 The main goal is to have everyone safe, 366 00:24:12,360 --> 00:24:14,399 and then scare the polar bears away. 367 00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:16,799 [man 1, over radio] We have two rifles and two flare guns. 368 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:21,799 [man 2, over radio] Put the light on the bears. 369 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:24,599 Please put the light on the bears. 370 00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:25,719 [Gaute, over radio] Bridge, this is Gaute. Over. 371 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:27,639 Do you see the polar bears? 372 00:24:27,720 --> 00:24:29,719 [man 1, over radio] I see you and I see the polar bears. 373 00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,199 [Trude] We are invading their space. 374 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,119 [gun pops] 375 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:41,839 I don't want to harm them. 376 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:44,999 [gun pops] 377 00:24:45,080 --> 00:24:48,199 I do not want to fire my rifle at the polar bear. 378 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:50,319 [flares explode] 379 00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:57,199 So it is so nice when they understand 380 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:01,159 that we are making too much noise for them. 381 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:08,559 [wind gusting] 382 00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,559 [narrator] Arctic winter arrives. 383 00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:25,519 For the next four and a half months, 384 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:29,039 the team will endure 24-hour darkness. 385 00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:32,799 [wind gusting] 386 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,079 [Esther] I've never been into the complete darkness, 387 00:25:45,160 --> 00:25:46,919 you know, 24-hour darkness. 388 00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,479 It's an incredible experience to live, 389 00:25:56,560 --> 00:26:00,839 exist and work here in the wintertime. 390 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:06,799 [camera shutter clicking] 391 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:11,159 It looks unreal. 392 00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:18,999 It feels like we are somewhere else in the universe. 393 00:26:19,080 --> 00:26:20,439 This is not the Earth. 394 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:22,919 This is something completely different. 395 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,399 [Fong] The darkness... 396 00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:36,079 working in the dark for months on end, 397 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:37,839 not really being able to see 398 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:40,439 beyond where your headlamp shines. 399 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:44,079 That's scary. 400 00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:45,999 Yeah, that's pretty scary. 401 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:52,679 [narrator] One of the most complex 402 00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:55,479 and important research camps, Met City, 403 00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:56,999 is up and running. 404 00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:01,399 All systems green. 405 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,639 Tower's alive today. 406 00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:05,439 [woman, over radio] Bridge... 407 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:09,679 Man... 408 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:12,199 That's pretty cool. 409 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,239 My thumb is steaming from where I wiped my nose on it. 410 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:22,479 [indistinct radio chatter] 411 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,639 [Shupe] Met City is a really important part of MOSAiC. 412 00:27:29,320 --> 00:27:31,279 It's a few hundred metres away from the ship. 413 00:27:31,360 --> 00:27:33,679 And the reason we're out there is because we want to get away 414 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:36,999 from the influences that the ship has on the atmosphere. 415 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:40,479 These are radiometers. 416 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:43,359 They're measuring the sunlight in the summertime. 417 00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:45,679 In the wintertime, they're measuring the emission 418 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:46,919 from the atmosphere. 419 00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:52,119 Our tower here is about 11 metres tall, 420 00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:57,799 and this can tell us about the turbulent exchange of heat, 421 00:27:57,880 --> 00:28:01,319 of energy, of moisture at the surface. 422 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:06,359 We need to understand what the sea ice is experiencing 423 00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:08,559 and how that affects the melting of the sea ice, 424 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:10,479 or the freezing of the sea ice. 425 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,799 So these are really important for us here, out at MOSAiC. 426 00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:16,599 [narrator] The data from Met City 427 00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:19,439 will be combined with all the other experiments 428 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:21,439 over the entire year 429 00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:24,719 to build the most complete picture ever created 430 00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,239 of the complex interactions shaping the Arctic. 431 00:28:34,520 --> 00:28:37,839 Another crucial piece of the puzzle 432 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:41,239 is the hidden world under the ice. 433 00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:45,959 [Fong] It doesn't look like much, I mean, right? 434 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:47,639 At the surface. 435 00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:50,039 You're like, it's just snow. It's quiet. 436 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:55,999 But actually below the ice, there's a flurry of activity. 437 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:57,679 [whirring] 438 00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:06,399 I'm used to making lab experiments with a pipette. 439 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:07,599 Delicate work. 440 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:15,199 And here I am with a 60-centimetre-long chainsaw. 441 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:19,039 [man] OK... 442 00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:20,679 [speaking foreign language] 443 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:30,679 This hole and this access point to the ocean 444 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:32,439 is super critical for MOSAiC. 445 00:29:35,160 --> 00:29:37,359 Some of the big outstanding questions are, 446 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:40,519 what are the activities of organisms in polar night? 447 00:29:41,760 --> 00:29:43,279 From the central Arctic, 448 00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:46,159 there are basically no measurements whatsoever. 449 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:48,239 So this will be the first chance in history 450 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:49,799 for us to do that work. 451 00:29:53,280 --> 00:29:56,079 [narrator] This device can collect water samples 452 00:29:56,160 --> 00:29:59,719 at specific depths right down to the ocean floor... 453 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,919 [man, speaking German] I'll close a bottle. 454 00:30:04,360 --> 00:30:06,799 [narrator] ...two and a half miles below. 455 00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:10,519 [woman] What? 456 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:17,599 [Fong] At this place in the world at this time of year... 457 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:21,239 there's never been data like this. 458 00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:22,719 And that's incredible. 459 00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:25,479 And so every time we put a piece of equipment out 460 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:28,479 and we collect a sample successfully, 461 00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:31,439 we're the only people that have been able to do it. 462 00:30:33,080 --> 00:30:36,119 OK, so Jen, you're done for DIC on one. 463 00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:40,639 Uh, that means you can do salinity on number one. 464 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:47,639 I think winter in general is thought of 465 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,679 as a time of hibernation or low metabolic activity. 466 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:53,279 But what we're seeing is that organisms have adapted 467 00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:55,159 over millennia to this... 468 00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:57,639 what we consider an extreme environment. 469 00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:04,599 In one millilitre of seawater, 470 00:31:04,680 --> 00:31:07,119 which is basically like a teaspoon of seawater, 471 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,239 are one million bacterial cells. 472 00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:11,999 And from there, 473 00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:14,959 the diversity is extraordinary. 474 00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:17,199 There's also phytoplankton cells-- 475 00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:20,239 tens of thousands per litre of seawater. 476 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,879 [narrator] These microscopic plant-like organisms 477 00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:27,279 might seem insignificant, 478 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:31,079 but they're crucial to all life on Earth. 479 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:32,879 Like forests of the sea, 480 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,559 they produce more than half the oxygen we breathe. 481 00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:41,039 And they consume vast amounts of carbon dioxide. 482 00:31:43,320 --> 00:31:46,879 It's thought the oceans absorb around a quarter of the CO2 483 00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:49,879 produced by the burning of fossil fuels. 484 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:51,519 For our climate, 485 00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,679 these tiny creatures play a huge role. 486 00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:00,639 [water splashing and bubbling] 487 00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:13,159 [Fong] Given that the Arctic is experiencing so much change, 488 00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:15,439 we need to understand what impact reductions in sea ice 489 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:18,559 and global warming is having on these organisms 490 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,879 and how these components of the climate interact. 491 00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:29,119 We have no idea yet what the ecological response 492 00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:30,759 to that loss of sea ice will be. 493 00:32:35,320 --> 00:32:36,879 [narrator] Just a month in, 494 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:38,399 and the team is already learning more 495 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:40,199 about life in Arctic winter 496 00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:42,599 than has ever been possible before. 497 00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:46,879 But there's one thing they're yet to find: 498 00:32:46,960 --> 00:32:48,319 fish. 499 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:52,799 [Pauline Snoejis-Leijonmalm] I am so nervous. 500 00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:54,439 [man chuckles] 501 00:32:54,520 --> 00:32:57,159 -Nervous? -I'm not nervous, I'm excited. 502 00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:58,479 [man] Excited. 503 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:00,239 [Fong] The fishing is a difficult. 504 00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,919 You spend a lot of effort and a lot of time, 505 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,999 and most of the time you don't catch fish. 506 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:11,439 There aren't that many in the central Arctic. 507 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:13,359 [Pauline] How many metres was that? 508 00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:16,039 Three hundred metres when this is out. 509 00:33:18,080 --> 00:33:21,519 [Pauline] Nothing is known about the fish here. 510 00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:25,119 So anything we find will be completely new. 511 00:33:25,200 --> 00:33:27,079 The next one, the bait has gone. 512 00:33:27,160 --> 00:33:28,919 [man] Yes, someone has stolen the bait. 513 00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:35,359 Yes! 514 00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:39,359 [exclaiming] 515 00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:43,439 [man] This is a cod. 516 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:47,399 -This is an Atlantic cod? -It's an Atlantic cod. 517 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:49,159 This is not a polar cod. It's an Atlantic cod. 518 00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:50,399 That's impossible! 519 00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:53,119 [Fong] Finding an Atlantic cod 520 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,119 in the winter months of the central Arctic 521 00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,119 is a brand-new discovery. 522 00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:58,599 Amazing. 523 00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:00,559 [Fong] It's completely unexpected. 524 00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:01,959 Where shall we put them? 525 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:03,319 Shall we put them... 526 00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:04,759 [man] Put them in the black... 527 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:07,839 [Fong] It's not where it should be. 528 00:34:09,520 --> 00:34:12,919 It's a warning sign that things are changing, 529 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:14,239 even in the deep ocean. 530 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:18,599 Just like our air temperatures are increasing, 531 00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:20,199 actually, the ocean is the place 532 00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:22,719 where most of the heat is retained. 533 00:34:24,240 --> 00:34:26,359 [narrator] Our oceans have so far absorbed 534 00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:29,239 more than 90% of the excess heat 535 00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:31,319 trapped by greenhouse gases, 536 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:36,039 sparing us from soaring air temperatures. 537 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:38,119 But they, and the creatures within them, 538 00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:41,239 are reaching breaking point. 539 00:34:41,320 --> 00:34:43,679 [Fong] We are systematically changing 540 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:48,239 the range that organisms can inhabit. 541 00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:52,319 Suddenly, you're seeing organisms in the ocean 542 00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:55,279 migrating north in the Northern Hemisphere 543 00:34:55,360 --> 00:34:58,879 and south in the Southern Hemisphere. 544 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,639 Places of the ocean that are very warm already, 545 00:35:01,720 --> 00:35:03,239 like around the equator, 546 00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:04,919 organisms that inhabit that area 547 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,479 might be now experiencing temperatures 548 00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:10,319 that exceed what they can tolerate, 549 00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:12,959 so they can no longer live in those areas. 550 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:18,439 You will have these large expanses 551 00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:20,839 that now become ocean deserts. 552 00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:24,479 And when you lose that, 553 00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:27,399 you affect whole human communities 554 00:35:27,480 --> 00:35:29,919 that have relied upon these ecosystems 555 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:31,839 being healthy and thriving. 556 00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:39,159 Some of the things that we're observing are red flags. 557 00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:40,959 And those have all of these effects 558 00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:44,719 that we're still just starting to understand. 559 00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:46,599 [wind gusting] 560 00:35:53,840 --> 00:35:57,719 [narrator] Almost two months into their year-long mission, 561 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:00,799 the transpolar drift has carried the Polarstern 562 00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:03,559 to within 300 miles of the North Pole. 563 00:36:06,160 --> 00:36:09,039 And the scientists are settling in to the cold 564 00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:10,759 and constant darkness. 565 00:36:14,240 --> 00:36:15,759 [Hans, over radio] Good afternoon, Arctic. 566 00:36:15,840 --> 00:36:18,039 This is Radio MOSAiC. 567 00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:21,679 We start with the weather. We have minus 18 degrees. 568 00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:24,759 So it's a warm day to do science outside. 569 00:36:24,840 --> 00:36:27,239 We have seen footprints from a polar bear, 570 00:36:27,320 --> 00:36:30,199 and I think they are not older than two days, 571 00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,119 so take care when you go out. 572 00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,799 We will start the afternoon with a song. 573 00:36:34,880 --> 00:36:37,879 "Cum On Feel the Noize." Enjoy. 574 00:36:37,960 --> 00:36:40,319 [Quiet Riot's "Cum On Feel the Noize" playing over speakers] 575 00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:50,679 ♪ So you think I got An evil mind ♪ 576 00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,919 ♪ Well, I'll tell you, honey ♪ 577 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,519 ♪ That I don't know why ♪ 578 00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:58,759 ♪ Anymore ♪ 579 00:36:58,840 --> 00:37:00,439 ♪ Oh, no ♪ 580 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:04,639 ♪ So come on Feel the noise ♪ 581 00:37:04,720 --> 00:37:06,919 ♪ Girls, rock your boys ♪ 582 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,879 ♪ We get wild, wild, wild ♪ 583 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:14,039 ♪ Wild, wild, wild ♪ 584 00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:15,719 -♪ Come on ♪ -♪ Feel the noise ♪ 585 00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:17,559 ♪ Feel it, feel it ♪ 586 00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:19,519 ♪ Girls, rock your boys ♪ 587 00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:22,879 ♪ We get wild, wild, wild ♪ 588 00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,039 ♪ I don't know ♪ 589 00:37:25,120 --> 00:37:26,919 ♪ Anymore ♪ 590 00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:33,199 [all laughing] 591 00:37:38,360 --> 00:37:40,839 [Trude, over radio] Bridge, bridge, Trude. 592 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:42,239 [Hans] Trude, go ahead. 593 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,039 [Trude] I'm in position stern. 594 00:37:44,120 --> 00:37:46,159 [Hans] Thank you. Enjoy your watch. 595 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:50,279 [Trude] Do we have a ladder here? 596 00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:51,799 Good. 597 00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:02,479 [indistinct radio chatter] 598 00:38:02,560 --> 00:38:03,999 Oh, my God. 599 00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:09,239 [Trude] The ice is moving a lot. 600 00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:14,439 Bridge, bridge. 601 00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:15,919 For your information, 602 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,679 the ice here has really started to move. 603 00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:21,839 We noticed by the sound, and are monitoring it now. 604 00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:27,279 We managed to save the ladder, which is now on our side. 605 00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:29,599 -[ice creaking] -[Esther] It's so loud. 606 00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:33,559 It sounds like an engine as it starts. 607 00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:34,879 Then I have to think, 608 00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:37,639 is that an engine, or is this ice? 609 00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:44,399 It is like an earthquake under your feet, 610 00:38:44,480 --> 00:38:46,759 but there is nowhere to run. 611 00:38:46,840 --> 00:38:49,919 You really feel how fragile you are. 612 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:55,439 It's a frightening experience. 613 00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:59,439 Let's hope we find a way over. 614 00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:01,119 [creaking stops] 615 00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:02,679 [Trude] Oh, it's stopped. 616 00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,439 Bridge, bridge, Trude. 617 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:10,759 [indistinct radio chatter] 618 00:39:10,840 --> 00:39:12,919 The ice has stopped again. 619 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:14,399 It was like an on switch, 620 00:39:14,480 --> 00:39:16,759 and now the off switch has been put on. 621 00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:18,559 So ice has stopped moving, 622 00:39:18,640 --> 00:39:21,799 and it's completely silent here in the Arctic again. 623 00:39:24,160 --> 00:39:25,679 [indistinct chatter over radio] 624 00:39:27,480 --> 00:39:30,079 Now, we have to find a new way going home. 625 00:39:33,880 --> 00:39:36,519 [Shupe] This is stress on the ice. 626 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:38,759 This is the winds and the currents in the ocean 627 00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:40,319 causing pressure in the ice, 628 00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:41,919 and eventually the ice just lets go. 629 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:43,679 There's internal pressure, and it breaks. 630 00:39:45,920 --> 00:39:48,359 [Thomas] This was really, I think, the last chance. 631 00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:50,239 -[laughs] -[Trude] Thank you, Thomas. 632 00:39:50,320 --> 00:39:52,599 [wind gusting] 633 00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:18,559 [Shupe] Storms can wreak all kinds of havoc 634 00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:20,919 on our installations out there. 635 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:24,239 And we know that this is going to potentially pose 636 00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:25,559 big challenges. 637 00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:29,879 [narrator] It's a massive crisis. 638 00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:32,679 Huge cracks, known as leads, open up, 639 00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:36,239 that threaten to wreck the entire base. 640 00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:38,199 [Shupe] Anxiously watching. 641 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:40,599 I'm wondering, is Met City still there? 642 00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:42,839 Can I still see my installations? 643 00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:48,879 [Hans] There is one crack behind Met City. 644 00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:50,039 We've lost the power. 645 00:40:50,120 --> 00:40:51,639 -The power is gone. -Yeah. 646 00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:55,679 [Shupe] It's knocked out our power supply. 647 00:40:55,760 --> 00:40:59,119 It's taken down our measurements at Met City. 648 00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:01,039 We have to get back out there. 649 00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:03,439 We have to get the power hooked up again, 650 00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:05,079 so that we can continue making our measurements. 651 00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:08,559 [Rex] The goal of the operation 652 00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:13,279 is to rescue the cables so that we don't lose them. 653 00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:16,439 Probably the best strategy is to cut the connectors 654 00:41:16,520 --> 00:41:19,439 and then pull the cables with the scooter. 655 00:41:19,520 --> 00:41:22,599 Maybe it's OK if just two people cross the leads. 656 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:24,079 Yeah, yeah, I think two is perfect. 657 00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:26,079 -[woman] We prepare the kayak? -[Rex] Yeah. 658 00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:28,199 All right. 659 00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:30,079 [wind gusting] 660 00:41:31,720 --> 00:41:33,279 [indistinct radio chatter] 661 00:41:35,560 --> 00:41:38,799 [Verena] Hey, we're now leaving to get things done. 662 00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:40,719 [Rex, over radio] Copy. 663 00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,759 [Shupe] It's a huge challenge to work out in a storm. 664 00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:57,319 You still have to make decisions. 665 00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:58,839 You still have to do your work. 666 00:42:00,640 --> 00:42:03,719 But it's so chaotic all around you. 667 00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:07,239 The black one is remote sensing, the thin black one is the data. 668 00:42:10,240 --> 00:42:12,519 Once you loosen the cable, 669 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:13,999 we connect it to the snowmobile here 670 00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:15,359 and try to pull it. 671 00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:17,839 We can start to prepare to go over. 672 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:19,959 -All good? -Yeah. 673 00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:20,919 Team Kayak? 674 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,359 [narrator] The team needs to discover 675 00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:28,559 whether the vital power cable is still connected. 676 00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:36,399 [Shupe] It's about as cold as you can get in the water. 677 00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:39,639 Saltwater has a colder freezing temperature, 678 00:42:39,720 --> 00:42:43,559 so it's gonna be, you know, minus 1.7. 679 00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:46,159 That's pretty cold. 680 00:42:48,320 --> 00:42:49,639 [woman, over radio] All right. 681 00:42:49,720 --> 00:42:51,479 The connectors have been ripped off... 682 00:42:51,560 --> 00:42:54,199 so the other half is probably in the water. 683 00:42:54,280 --> 00:42:56,239 We can't reach it, we can't see it. 684 00:42:56,320 --> 00:42:58,039 You can just start pulling. 685 00:42:58,120 --> 00:42:59,719 [man, over radio] Copy that, we will start pulling. 686 00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:02,839 [narrator] Having been ripped apart, 687 00:43:02,920 --> 00:43:06,119 the heavy cable is hanging deep into the ocean. 688 00:43:06,200 --> 00:43:08,279 [Hans] Slowly, slowly, slowly! 689 00:43:08,360 --> 00:43:10,239 Slowly, slowly! 690 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:16,399 Hey, stop! Stop! Stop! 691 00:43:16,480 --> 00:43:19,039 There is something else hanging here. 692 00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:21,799 [muttering] 693 00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:25,679 Yeah, OK! 694 00:43:27,520 --> 00:43:29,519 [speaking foreign language] 695 00:43:35,160 --> 00:43:36,279 [speaking foreign language] 696 00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:37,999 Yeah, we are very close. 697 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:47,439 Ah, this is the end. This is the end. 698 00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:50,639 [laughs] 699 00:43:50,720 --> 00:43:52,719 Well done, guys. 700 00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:54,559 Excellent. 701 00:43:57,360 --> 00:43:59,239 [Shupe] This is the first time that we've really seen 702 00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:01,039 what the Arctic's going to throw at us. 703 00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,599 But how many more storms and how much more ice breakup 704 00:44:06,680 --> 00:44:09,079 will we have through our camp? 705 00:44:21,840 --> 00:44:23,239 [indistinct chatter] 706 00:44:23,320 --> 00:44:24,639 [narrator] Since their departure, 707 00:44:24,720 --> 00:44:27,399 the team has been living in isolation. 708 00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:30,839 But after three months, that's about to change. 709 00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:40,839 Russian icebreaker, the Kapitan Dranitsyn, 710 00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:43,479 has fought its way through the ice with fresh supplies. 711 00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:49,159 And with them, new scientists joining the mission. 712 00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:58,759 [wind gusting] 713 00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:09,239 [Vishnu] I don't know if I am the first Indian 714 00:45:09,320 --> 00:45:10,999 to walk on frozen ocean waters, 715 00:45:11,080 --> 00:45:13,799 but at least for this expedition, 716 00:45:13,880 --> 00:45:15,719 I am the only Indian. 717 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:22,399 My name is Vishnu Nandan. 718 00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,679 Vishnu means "preserver of the planet," 719 00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:30,959 and that's my goal. 720 00:45:31,040 --> 00:45:32,839 I'm here to protect the planet. 721 00:45:34,160 --> 00:45:35,799 To protect everyone. 722 00:45:38,920 --> 00:45:40,399 Let's pull it across. 723 00:45:40,480 --> 00:45:41,839 We don't want to block the way with this. 724 00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:43,479 [Julienne] OK, yeah, I mean, 725 00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:45,799 we can at least bring the cables this direction. 726 00:45:47,720 --> 00:45:49,359 [Julienne] I've been going up to the Arctic region 727 00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:51,159 for almost 30 years now. 728 00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:55,679 But it's always been during daylight. 729 00:45:59,080 --> 00:46:00,759 Doing it over winter, yeah, 730 00:46:00,840 --> 00:46:02,439 that's a really unique experience that many people, 731 00:46:02,520 --> 00:46:04,239 even if you're a scientist working in the Arctic, 732 00:46:04,320 --> 00:46:05,919 you don't get to experience that. 733 00:46:07,760 --> 00:46:10,359 And, honestly, you feel like you're walking on the moon. 734 00:46:11,840 --> 00:46:13,119 That's amazing. 735 00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:14,879 [indistinct radio chatter] 736 00:46:14,960 --> 00:46:16,479 Hey, fox. 737 00:46:18,040 --> 00:46:19,879 That is very cool. 738 00:46:19,960 --> 00:46:21,759 My first polar fox. 739 00:46:21,840 --> 00:46:23,079 That's exciting. 740 00:46:23,160 --> 00:46:25,079 Yay. 741 00:46:25,160 --> 00:46:28,159 OK, I'll check if my instrument's working now. 742 00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,079 [narrator] Julienne and Vishnu are taking over the science 743 00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:36,599 at Remote Sensing City, 744 00:46:36,680 --> 00:46:39,639 while also bringing new experiments 745 00:46:39,720 --> 00:46:42,319 to answer one of the most fundamental questions of all: 746 00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:46,439 Just how much ice is there in the Arctic? 747 00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:50,599 It's a mystery they're trying to solve from space. 748 00:46:50,680 --> 00:46:52,359 [Julienne] Satellites are really key 749 00:46:52,440 --> 00:46:55,239 for allowing us to monitor harsh regions like the Arctic, 750 00:46:55,320 --> 00:46:58,199 and this is because we can see the region every single day, 751 00:46:58,280 --> 00:47:00,119 regardless of what the weather conditions are doing, 752 00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:03,159 even when humans are not there to collect data. 753 00:47:08,560 --> 00:47:10,959 We have over 40 years of measurements 754 00:47:11,040 --> 00:47:12,599 telling us how much of the Arctic Ocean 755 00:47:12,680 --> 00:47:14,519 is covered by sea ice, 756 00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,279 but what we've really lacked is knowing how thick the ice is. 757 00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:21,359 [narrator] Satellites can measure 758 00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:23,719 the height of the Arctic surface. 759 00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,759 But they've never been able to tell how much of it is ice, 760 00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:28,679 and how much is snow. 761 00:47:33,720 --> 00:47:35,359 [Julienne] The idea behind this radar 762 00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:37,319 is it has the same frequencies 763 00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:39,719 as what's on two different satellites right now. 764 00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:42,439 And perhaps in combination, 765 00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:44,679 they could give us not only sea ice thickness, 766 00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:48,439 but also how much snow is on top of that sea ice. 767 00:47:48,520 --> 00:47:52,039 [narrator] By testing this satellite technology at the surface, 768 00:47:52,120 --> 00:47:53,799 they aim to revolutionize 769 00:47:53,880 --> 00:47:56,839 our ability to monitor sea ice from space. 770 00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:00,319 [Julienne] It would allow us to actually map 771 00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:02,319 not just the spatial extent of the ice, 772 00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:05,999 but the actual ice volume in the Arctic every single day, 773 00:48:06,080 --> 00:48:07,359 so that we can understand 774 00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:09,399 how quickly that ice might disappear. 775 00:48:15,680 --> 00:48:17,039 [Vishnu] Erskat is on. 776 00:48:17,120 --> 00:48:19,599 Made possible by Rasmus and Vishnu. 777 00:48:24,720 --> 00:48:26,839 [wind gusting] 778 00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:29,959 [narrator] Knowing how fast the ice is melting 779 00:48:30,040 --> 00:48:32,679 is also crucial to another team of scientists. 780 00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:35,159 [woman, over radio] All stations, all stations. 781 00:48:35,240 --> 00:48:36,959 This is bridge. 782 00:48:37,040 --> 00:48:39,919 The helicopter is now flying. 783 00:48:41,480 --> 00:48:42,639 [man, over radio] Messaging. Copy that. 784 00:48:42,720 --> 00:48:44,199 I will inform the others. 785 00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:55,919 [narrator] The biogeochemistry team 786 00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,159 is heading 10 miles away to another ice floe. 787 00:49:07,480 --> 00:49:10,919 Once dropped off, they're on their own. 788 00:49:32,240 --> 00:49:33,999 [Patric] It's really cold conditions today. 789 00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:37,799 And also because we flew in with a helicopter, 790 00:49:37,880 --> 00:49:40,519 it took a much more logistical effort. 791 00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,319 Like to carry stuff, to set up the tent. 792 00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:45,439 So it was more difficult. 793 00:49:48,160 --> 00:49:50,719 We always have to be prepared for the unexpected. 794 00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:53,079 That's why we brought the stove, to warm us up in case. 795 00:49:58,040 --> 00:49:59,839 [narrator] They're here to investigate 796 00:49:59,920 --> 00:50:02,799 whether melting sea ice could be further accelerating 797 00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:05,679 global warming by releasing methane, 798 00:50:05,760 --> 00:50:08,399 a potent greenhouse gas. 799 00:50:08,480 --> 00:50:11,519 Oh, a layer. 800 00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:14,079 Have you seen it? This is a sediment layer. 801 00:50:15,160 --> 00:50:16,239 Finally. 802 00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:17,839 Oh, my God. 803 00:50:19,160 --> 00:50:22,719 The black dots are the sediment. 804 00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:25,079 [speaking German] That means that it hasn't frozen 805 00:50:25,160 --> 00:50:27,079 here in the open ocean, but on the coast... 806 00:50:27,160 --> 00:50:29,879 which is also where the methane comes from. 807 00:50:36,440 --> 00:50:41,199 Methane is created from the breakdown of organic material. 808 00:50:41,280 --> 00:50:46,999 This methane can enter the water in the sediment. 809 00:50:47,080 --> 00:50:52,399 It can freeze into the ice from the water, and then is carried by the ice. 810 00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,599 [narrator] Methane has 30 times 811 00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:06,559 the warming power of carbon dioxide. 812 00:51:06,640 --> 00:51:09,199 While much of it comes from human activities 813 00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:11,799 like agriculture and landfill, 814 00:51:11,880 --> 00:51:14,599 the fast-warming Arctic is now also releasing 815 00:51:14,680 --> 00:51:16,439 vast amounts of the gas, 816 00:51:16,520 --> 00:51:20,159 previously locked up in frozen ground and seabeds. 817 00:51:24,720 --> 00:51:28,079 The world has reached another dangerous tipping point. 818 00:51:29,880 --> 00:51:33,359 Understanding the role melting ice plays is crucial 819 00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:35,279 if we're to fully comprehend 820 00:51:35,360 --> 00:51:36,879 the frightening impact of methane 821 00:51:36,960 --> 00:51:38,599 on global warming. 822 00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:44,919 [wind gusting] 823 00:51:55,520 --> 00:51:57,279 [crew] ♪ ...jingle all the way ♪ 824 00:51:57,360 --> 00:51:59,559 ♪ Oh, what fun it is to ride ♪ 825 00:51:59,640 --> 00:52:02,399 ♪ On a one-horse open sleigh Hey ♪ 826 00:52:02,480 --> 00:52:04,599 ♪ Jingle bells, jingle bells ♪ 827 00:52:04,680 --> 00:52:07,039 ♪ Jingle all the way ♪ 828 00:52:07,120 --> 00:52:08,919 ♪ Oh, what fun it is to ride ♪ 829 00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:11,039 ♪ On a one-horse open sleigh ♪ 830 00:52:11,120 --> 00:52:13,319 [applause] 831 00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:19,159 [Christian] We are only 200 miles from the North Pole, 832 00:52:19,240 --> 00:52:22,439 the northernmost Christmas party in the world. 833 00:52:22,520 --> 00:52:25,079 And we have white Christmas. 834 00:52:25,160 --> 00:52:29,119 We have 24 hours of holy night, if that isn't enough. 835 00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:30,639 [laughter] 836 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:32,559 So cheers, everyone. Merry Christmas. 837 00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:34,479 [all] Merry Christmas. 838 00:52:34,560 --> 00:52:36,879 [applause] 839 00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:40,999 [laughter] 840 00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,319 [Vishnu] It's sometimes isolating. 841 00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:54,319 Sometimes it makes you feel lonely... 842 00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:57,519 to live in a ship stranded in the middle of the ocean. 843 00:52:59,480 --> 00:53:03,519 I recently got married. We got married in July. 844 00:53:08,520 --> 00:53:10,119 The only thing I miss, 845 00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:12,959 apart from my parents and my wife, 846 00:53:13,040 --> 00:53:14,559 is sunlight. 847 00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:20,599 [Julienne] I didn't think, really, 848 00:53:20,680 --> 00:53:22,719 about how tired you would feel, always being in the dark. 849 00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:25,359 But I do notice it quite a bit now. 850 00:53:26,920 --> 00:53:28,479 I'm outside all day, 851 00:53:28,560 --> 00:53:31,039 and your headlamp's the only light you see. 852 00:53:31,120 --> 00:53:32,759 It's like just being at night all the time. 853 00:53:32,840 --> 00:53:35,479 And by the evening time, you want to go to bed. 854 00:53:35,560 --> 00:53:37,679 And that's how I feel when I'm outside all the day. 855 00:53:42,720 --> 00:53:44,559 [wind gusting] 856 00:53:48,920 --> 00:53:51,839 [inaudible chatter] 857 00:53:54,080 --> 00:53:56,479 [Julienne] So I don't see anything with the power cords here, 858 00:53:56,560 --> 00:53:58,079 because, you see, this is connected. 859 00:53:58,160 --> 00:53:59,999 All of these are connected. 860 00:54:00,080 --> 00:54:02,999 So I don't know if it's the battery's gone out. 861 00:54:16,480 --> 00:54:17,559 [Vishnu] We can just put it here. 862 00:54:21,920 --> 00:54:23,919 [Julienne] Oh, we're bringing the radar in, 863 00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:26,639 because it keeps shutting off on us, 864 00:54:26,720 --> 00:54:30,839 so we're going to try to diagnose the problem inside. 865 00:54:32,200 --> 00:54:33,599 I hope it'll work. 866 00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:35,439 I don't know yet. 867 00:54:39,240 --> 00:54:41,559 [Vishnu] We are trying very hard to maintain it 868 00:54:41,640 --> 00:54:44,119 in these extreme environments. 869 00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:45,479 It's been hard. 870 00:54:45,560 --> 00:54:46,839 [soft humming] 871 00:54:46,920 --> 00:54:48,559 [Julienne] Can you hear that sound? 872 00:54:48,640 --> 00:54:51,639 That's not a good sound, I don't think. 873 00:54:51,720 --> 00:54:53,759 Oh, and I can see a bit of smoke now. 874 00:54:55,240 --> 00:54:56,959 Where is it coming from? 875 00:55:01,320 --> 00:55:03,639 [Julienne] It's heart-breaking for me. 876 00:55:03,720 --> 00:55:06,239 You know, collecting the data is really key, 877 00:55:06,320 --> 00:55:09,999 and will hopefully help the public and policy makers 878 00:55:10,080 --> 00:55:12,439 understand how quickly the Arctic is transforming, 879 00:55:12,520 --> 00:55:15,559 and that we need to do something before it's too late. 880 00:55:19,160 --> 00:55:22,079 It started because of my paper in 2007 881 00:55:22,160 --> 00:55:24,399 that really showed that today's sea ice loss 882 00:55:24,480 --> 00:55:26,959 is happening a lot faster than our climate models can forecast. 883 00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,319 Al Gore came for a science briefing. 884 00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:35,959 That was my first time, I guess, talking to somebody in policy. 885 00:55:36,040 --> 00:55:38,199 I started getting invited to give keynote addresses 886 00:55:38,280 --> 00:55:39,639 at different conferences, 887 00:55:39,720 --> 00:55:41,959 and also to different heads of state. 888 00:55:42,040 --> 00:55:45,599 I was invited to go to Monaco for UNESCO. 889 00:55:45,680 --> 00:55:47,759 I've given talks at embassies. 890 00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:51,839 I've testified in front of Congress. 891 00:55:51,920 --> 00:55:54,439 But you just don't see change really happening. 892 00:55:54,520 --> 00:55:55,439 It's very slow. 893 00:55:57,120 --> 00:55:59,439 Our quality of life in the Western world is still too good, 894 00:55:59,520 --> 00:56:02,719 I think, for these governments to act, really act, 895 00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:04,559 unless economics drives a change. 896 00:56:07,640 --> 00:56:08,919 It's driven by industry, 897 00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:10,959 and they have a huge political pull. 898 00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:13,279 And so obviously, they want to keep making money. 899 00:56:13,360 --> 00:56:15,359 And so it's not in their best interests 900 00:56:15,440 --> 00:56:17,239 to do anything about climate change, 901 00:56:17,320 --> 00:56:19,039 because they still want to make money for fossil fuels, 902 00:56:19,120 --> 00:56:20,399 for example. 903 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:25,799 Until we stop caring so much about making money 904 00:56:25,880 --> 00:56:29,199 and we actually start caring about the health of the planet, 905 00:56:29,280 --> 00:56:30,799 and our people, 906 00:56:30,880 --> 00:56:33,279 and all the species that depend on us as well-- 907 00:56:33,360 --> 00:56:35,239 until that becomes more important 908 00:56:35,320 --> 00:56:37,439 than lining your pockets with money, 909 00:56:37,520 --> 00:56:41,719 it's just a mindset that I think is so wrong. 910 00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:44,919 [crowd cheering] 911 00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:47,279 We have the knowledge. We know what's happening. 912 00:56:47,360 --> 00:56:49,759 And there's a lot of human lives at stake. 913 00:56:49,840 --> 00:56:52,279 And the Western world 914 00:56:52,360 --> 00:56:55,319 just isn't acting very quickly about this. 915 00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:57,399 It's really sad for me. It's frustrating. 916 00:56:57,480 --> 00:56:58,959 Yeah. 917 00:57:07,080 --> 00:57:09,279 [narrator] Polarstern has been locked in the ice 918 00:57:09,360 --> 00:57:11,279 for almost five months, 919 00:57:11,360 --> 00:57:16,599 and is now just 150 miles from the North Pole. 920 00:57:16,680 --> 00:57:19,439 It's due to receive supplies, vital equipment, 921 00:57:19,520 --> 00:57:21,999 and the third team of scientists. 922 00:57:23,920 --> 00:57:26,439 But the Russian icebreaker trying to reach them 923 00:57:26,520 --> 00:57:29,399 is still hundreds of miles away. 924 00:57:39,280 --> 00:57:40,839 [wind gusting] 925 00:57:52,560 --> 00:57:54,919 [Amy MacFarlane] It's my first time in the Arctic. 926 00:57:56,720 --> 00:58:00,319 As soon as the icebreaker started to move through the ice, 927 00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:04,839 I got the sense of how remote the area we're going to is. 928 00:58:04,920 --> 00:58:06,359 I mean, we're traveling for weeks 929 00:58:06,440 --> 00:58:10,799 to get to this miraculous haven in the north. 930 00:58:14,040 --> 00:58:16,919 [John] I have a 10-year-old daughter that's at home, 931 00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:20,719 and partly she's really sad that I'm away for three months, 932 00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:24,879 you know, and she's scared that a polar bear is gonna attack me. 933 00:58:24,960 --> 00:58:28,119 But she also has talked about how excited she is 934 00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:30,039 that I'm a polar explorer, 935 00:58:30,120 --> 00:58:34,239 that I go to these places that most people don't experience. 936 00:58:42,520 --> 00:58:44,599 [narrator] No icebreaker has ever tried 937 00:58:44,680 --> 00:58:48,359 to venture so far north in the middle of winter before. 938 00:58:59,080 --> 00:59:00,719 [Gina Jozef] There's two different types of shake. 939 00:59:00,800 --> 00:59:02,879 You can always tell the difference. 940 00:59:02,960 --> 00:59:05,639 When the ship is breaking through the ice 941 00:59:05,720 --> 00:59:08,199 and it's kind of wobbling unevenly, 942 00:59:08,280 --> 00:59:09,839 jerking back and forth a little bit, 943 00:59:09,920 --> 00:59:11,519 that's the shaking we like, 944 00:59:11,600 --> 00:59:12,919 because it means we're making progress. 945 00:59:16,280 --> 00:59:19,519 Then there's the shaking that the engine causes. 946 00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:23,839 You can feel it in the guts of the ship. 947 00:59:27,160 --> 00:59:30,079 And we always know when we feel it that we're stuck. 948 00:59:37,360 --> 00:59:38,279 [Alexandr, in Russian] If there is not enough power to break 949 00:59:38,360 --> 00:59:40,359 through such heavy ice... 950 00:59:40,440 --> 00:59:41,919 we stop the icebreaker and reverse. 951 00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:56,159 Then we speed up and use our weight to break through. 952 01:00:08,160 --> 01:00:10,439 We stop and reverse again. 953 01:00:18,880 --> 01:00:20,799 We'll continue to make progress of course. 954 01:00:23,560 --> 01:00:24,479 Let's hope so. 955 01:00:28,560 --> 01:00:30,639 [John] There's a lot of uncertainty. 956 01:00:30,720 --> 01:00:33,959 We had expected to be on the Dranitsyn 957 01:00:34,040 --> 01:00:35,679 for about two weeks. 958 01:00:35,760 --> 01:00:37,279 We've already been on it for three weeks. 959 01:00:37,360 --> 01:00:40,359 And it's an indeterminate amount of time 960 01:00:40,440 --> 01:00:42,279 until we either reach the Polarstern, 961 01:00:42,360 --> 01:00:44,919 or we turn around and we head back. 962 01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:47,399 Will we get the chance to do the science 963 01:00:47,480 --> 01:00:51,079 that we've travelled so far to do? 964 01:00:51,160 --> 01:00:54,839 Right now, it's unclear what's going to happen. 965 01:00:54,920 --> 01:00:56,879 [wind gusting] 966 01:01:01,520 --> 01:01:02,759 [narrator] To make matters worse, 967 01:01:02,840 --> 01:01:04,519 the Polarstern is drifting 968 01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:07,679 ever further away from the Dranitsyn. 969 01:01:07,760 --> 01:01:10,439 If the Dranitsyn has to turn back, 970 01:01:10,520 --> 01:01:13,279 the team here could be stranded for months. 971 01:01:14,680 --> 01:01:16,599 Without resupply, 972 01:01:16,680 --> 01:01:19,639 they'll be dangerously low on fuel for heat and power, 973 01:01:19,720 --> 01:01:22,959 as well as lacking vital scientific equipment. 974 01:01:24,840 --> 01:01:28,759 [Vishnu] We are kind of stuck here. 975 01:01:28,840 --> 01:01:32,479 It's affected the morale of the scientists onboard. 976 01:01:32,560 --> 01:01:34,999 It's been hard. 977 01:01:38,520 --> 01:01:40,639 Leg three is the only opportunity we have right now 978 01:01:40,720 --> 01:01:42,079 to get all of the radiation sensors 979 01:01:42,160 --> 01:01:43,679 for when the sun comes back. 980 01:01:43,760 --> 01:01:46,239 So those instruments need to get here. 981 01:01:56,200 --> 01:01:59,279 [indistinct chatter] 982 01:01:59,360 --> 01:02:01,439 [man, over radio] There to the east? 983 01:02:01,520 --> 01:02:03,199 Is that the Dranitsyn? 984 01:02:08,960 --> 01:02:11,799 [narrator] After a month battling through the ice, 985 01:02:11,880 --> 01:02:14,679 and with the first signs of sun returning... 986 01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:19,759 the Dranitsyn finally makes it. 987 01:02:29,080 --> 01:02:32,359 OK, team, we go and we follow them. 988 01:02:38,280 --> 01:02:40,039 [John] To step out onto the sea ice 989 01:02:40,120 --> 01:02:44,039 and walk the kilometre or so that it was to the Polarstern, 990 01:02:44,120 --> 01:02:45,719 just fantastic. 991 01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:48,639 You know, a hundred miles from the North Pole, 992 01:02:48,720 --> 01:02:50,039 walking across the sea ice, 993 01:02:50,120 --> 01:02:52,959 and...it's an amazing feeling. 994 01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:56,559 [Amy] At one point, I didn't think we'd be here. 995 01:02:56,640 --> 01:02:58,279 But it's happened. 996 01:02:58,360 --> 01:02:59,719 It's incredible. 997 01:03:03,320 --> 01:03:05,799 [Gina] Finally, to be out on this sea ice, 998 01:03:05,880 --> 01:03:07,839 knowing that this is where I get to live and work 999 01:03:07,920 --> 01:03:09,679 for the next month, 1000 01:03:09,760 --> 01:03:13,639 just, like, I can't even believe how lucky I am to be here. 1001 01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:25,039 [narrator] With the new scientists and supplies onboard, 1002 01:03:25,120 --> 01:03:28,119 the mission is back on track. 1003 01:03:39,280 --> 01:03:41,279 [wind gusting] 1004 01:04:03,160 --> 01:04:07,879 [narrator] The returning sun will transform the Arctic. 1005 01:04:12,320 --> 01:04:15,639 Understanding the effects of solar energy, 1006 01:04:15,720 --> 01:04:18,839 and the very different landscape it creates, 1007 01:04:18,920 --> 01:04:22,479 is just as vital as understanding Arctic winter. 1008 01:04:28,320 --> 01:04:29,879 Welcome to the office. 1009 01:04:32,680 --> 01:04:35,479 [Gina] It's really beautiful. 1010 01:04:39,440 --> 01:04:41,119 [wind gusting] 1011 01:04:48,120 --> 01:04:50,439 For me, snow tells a story. 1012 01:04:50,520 --> 01:04:53,559 [whirring] 1013 01:04:53,640 --> 01:04:57,599 We're trying to understand in this scale how it's changing, 1014 01:04:57,680 --> 01:04:58,999 and eventually link it 1015 01:04:59,080 --> 01:05:00,839 to the whole of the Arctic snowpack. 1016 01:05:02,360 --> 01:05:03,999 We start one snowflake at a time. 1017 01:05:10,680 --> 01:05:13,799 So at the surface today, we have minus 20 degrees. 1018 01:05:13,880 --> 01:05:15,479 So it's quite a warm day. 1019 01:05:15,560 --> 01:05:18,319 But then, just 17 centimetres below, 1020 01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:21,559 we have minus nine degrees. 1021 01:05:21,640 --> 01:05:25,079 So it has a really big influence on just how much energy 1022 01:05:25,160 --> 01:05:29,119 is being transferred from the atmosphere to the sea ice. 1023 01:05:30,280 --> 01:05:31,919 [sniffles and sighs] 1024 01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:35,599 [narrator] The snow here is acting as a major insulator. 1025 01:05:36,760 --> 01:05:38,519 To understand how, 1026 01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,559 they need to look more closely at its structure. 1027 01:05:45,240 --> 01:05:47,359 So here, you can see the surface of the snow. 1028 01:05:47,440 --> 01:05:50,759 And it's quite a hard, wind-packed layer. 1029 01:05:50,840 --> 01:05:53,559 But when I flip this over, 1030 01:05:53,640 --> 01:05:56,679 you get this amazing crystal structure. 1031 01:05:58,600 --> 01:06:02,439 We can image this and create 3D models of the snow. 1032 01:06:04,160 --> 01:06:05,879 So, at the top, these are all really compact 1033 01:06:05,960 --> 01:06:07,239 and tightly together, 1034 01:06:07,320 --> 01:06:09,039 and you can't see any of the blue. 1035 01:06:09,120 --> 01:06:10,679 So the blue would be an air gap. 1036 01:06:10,760 --> 01:06:12,759 And then as you move further down, 1037 01:06:12,840 --> 01:06:15,959 you can start to see more and more air. 1038 01:06:16,040 --> 01:06:18,399 And then you come across these large crystals. 1039 01:06:18,480 --> 01:06:21,999 I've never seen these crystals quite so big before, 1040 01:06:22,080 --> 01:06:25,799 and we're able to just measure how much these insulate 1041 01:06:25,880 --> 01:06:27,279 the ice underneath. 1042 01:06:29,520 --> 01:06:31,039 [narrator] Over winter, 1043 01:06:31,120 --> 01:06:33,279 this snow will have kept the ice warm, 1044 01:06:33,360 --> 01:06:35,239 preventing it from growing. 1045 01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:39,439 But in summer, it might also shield the ice 1046 01:06:39,520 --> 01:06:42,479 from the melting effect of the sun's rays. 1047 01:06:42,560 --> 01:06:45,319 With scientists predicting that a warming Arctic 1048 01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:47,119 will see more snow, 1049 01:06:47,200 --> 01:06:49,999 it's a crucial piece of the puzzle. 1050 01:06:50,080 --> 01:06:52,999 I think to be able to collect these snow samples 1051 01:06:53,080 --> 01:06:55,239 all the way through to the melt period 1052 01:06:55,320 --> 01:06:57,119 is going to be really valuable for us 1053 01:06:57,200 --> 01:06:58,759 to see how it's changing, 1054 01:06:58,840 --> 01:07:02,199 and how the snow is adapting to this new Arctic. 1055 01:07:13,840 --> 01:07:15,319 [John] All right, let's do this. 1056 01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:16,599 [Gina] Let's do it. 1057 01:07:16,680 --> 01:07:19,999 This is an exciting day. [laughs] 1058 01:07:22,080 --> 01:07:24,079 [John] I am nervous for this flight. 1059 01:07:24,160 --> 01:07:25,399 [Gina laughs] 1060 01:07:25,480 --> 01:07:27,159 [Gina] I'm glad you're doing it. 1061 01:07:27,240 --> 01:07:28,839 -[both laugh] -I'll say that. 1062 01:07:28,920 --> 01:07:30,439 [John] I don't know what I think of that, Gina. 1063 01:07:30,520 --> 01:07:32,839 [Gina laughs] 1064 01:07:32,920 --> 01:07:34,439 [John] For the drone flights, 1065 01:07:34,520 --> 01:07:37,679 the plane will spiral up from near the surface 1066 01:07:37,760 --> 01:07:40,039 up to a thousand metres. 1067 01:07:40,120 --> 01:07:41,959 And we're measuring the state of the atmosphere, 1068 01:07:42,040 --> 01:07:46,519 so that's the temperature, pressure, humidity and wind. 1069 01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:48,839 All right, plane is launched. 1070 01:07:48,920 --> 01:07:49,999 OK. 1071 01:07:51,440 --> 01:07:53,119 [John] All right, are you ready? 1072 01:07:53,200 --> 01:07:54,999 -[Gina] I am ready. -[John] All right. I am ready. 1073 01:07:55,080 --> 01:07:56,279 Can you count me down? 1074 01:07:56,360 --> 01:07:58,919 [Gina] Three, two, one, go! 1075 01:08:00,880 --> 01:08:03,759 Hell, yeah. Whoo! 1076 01:08:03,840 --> 01:08:05,519 [John] Way to go, team drone. 1077 01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:07,159 [Gina] We did it! Whoo! 1078 01:08:07,240 --> 01:08:09,839 First flight! Success! 1079 01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,199 [John] When we fly we can look at how 1080 01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:17,679 things like the temperature changes with height, 1081 01:08:17,760 --> 01:08:19,559 and that tells us a lot about how the atmosphere 1082 01:08:19,640 --> 01:08:21,319 is interacting with the sea ice, 1083 01:08:21,400 --> 01:08:24,799 or the ocean, or whatever happens to be underneath us 1084 01:08:24,880 --> 01:08:26,199 when we're flying. 1085 01:08:31,560 --> 01:08:33,719 It is flying really well. 1086 01:08:33,800 --> 01:08:35,799 I am so happy. 1087 01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,439 One of the things we're measuring with our drones 1088 01:08:42,520 --> 01:08:44,239 is the wind. 1089 01:08:45,640 --> 01:08:47,439 The wind is really a critical part 1090 01:08:47,520 --> 01:08:50,759 of understanding the climate system. 1091 01:08:50,840 --> 01:08:52,599 The wind is generating the turbulence 1092 01:08:52,680 --> 01:08:56,399 that helps transfer the energy and the moisture 1093 01:08:56,480 --> 01:08:57,959 that's coming out of the ocean, 1094 01:08:58,040 --> 01:09:00,039 and transfer it into the atmosphere. 1095 01:09:00,120 --> 01:09:02,399 That turbulence also will take that energy in the atmosphere 1096 01:09:02,480 --> 01:09:05,279 and then transfer it down to the surface. 1097 01:09:05,360 --> 01:09:08,919 If you go higher in the atmosphere, up, you know, 1098 01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:10,719 where commercial aircraft fly, 1099 01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:12,679 then you're in an area where the jet stream is. 1100 01:09:15,320 --> 01:09:18,759 [narrator] The jet stream is a band of high-altitude wind 1101 01:09:18,840 --> 01:09:22,839 that whistles around our planet at over 100 miles an hour, 1102 01:09:22,920 --> 01:09:25,919 controlling much of the weather in the Northern Hemisphere. 1103 01:09:27,680 --> 01:09:29,319 It's driven by the temperature difference 1104 01:09:29,400 --> 01:09:32,919 between the warm equator and cold Arctic. 1105 01:09:34,400 --> 01:09:36,199 Many scientists now believe 1106 01:09:36,280 --> 01:09:39,879 the faster warming Arctic is weakening the jet stream, 1107 01:09:39,960 --> 01:09:42,199 causing it to become unstable 1108 01:09:42,280 --> 01:09:45,599 with potentially catastrophic results. 1109 01:09:47,400 --> 01:09:50,959 Cold air is able to escape out of the Arctic 1110 01:09:51,040 --> 01:09:53,079 and cover parts of Europe or North America, 1111 01:09:53,160 --> 01:09:55,839 and give us really cold winter weather. 1112 01:09:55,920 --> 01:09:58,999 Or if the jet stream pushes very far north, 1113 01:09:59,080 --> 01:10:01,079 then you get these intrusions 1114 01:10:01,160 --> 01:10:03,319 of warm air up into the Arctic. 1115 01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:05,399 [thunder crashes] 1116 01:10:05,480 --> 01:10:07,159 [narrator] It's thought the weaker jet stream 1117 01:10:07,240 --> 01:10:09,679 might also be causing weather patterns 1118 01:10:09,760 --> 01:10:12,559 to get stuck over the same area for longer, 1119 01:10:12,640 --> 01:10:14,799 prolonging droughts and floods. 1120 01:10:17,880 --> 01:10:19,679 [John] It impacts everything we do. 1121 01:10:19,760 --> 01:10:21,279 It impacts farmers 1122 01:10:21,360 --> 01:10:23,839 and where they can grow crops, where rain falls, 1123 01:10:23,920 --> 01:10:26,519 how often droughts occur, how often heat waves occur, 1124 01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:28,439 how often blizzards occur, 1125 01:10:28,520 --> 01:10:30,879 I mean, all of the weather that we experience. 1126 01:10:32,040 --> 01:10:33,279 Land? 1127 01:10:33,360 --> 01:10:35,119 The Arctic is far away, you know. 1128 01:10:35,200 --> 01:10:37,279 You think, oh, it's so far away, who cares? 1129 01:10:37,360 --> 01:10:42,159 But it has such a critical impact on the global environment 1130 01:10:42,240 --> 01:10:44,359 that we all have to care. 1131 01:10:46,120 --> 01:10:47,999 [♪] 1132 01:10:52,160 --> 01:10:54,639 [narrator] By mid-March, the Polarstern has drifted 1133 01:10:54,720 --> 01:10:58,599 with the ice more than 500 miles across the Arctic. 1134 01:10:59,920 --> 01:11:01,799 With little more than two weeks 1135 01:11:01,880 --> 01:11:03,959 between the first glimpse of the sun 1136 01:11:04,040 --> 01:11:05,839 and 24-hour daylight, 1137 01:11:05,920 --> 01:11:08,839 every day is getting noticeably longer. 1138 01:11:10,440 --> 01:11:12,399 And the teams are making the most of it, 1139 01:11:12,480 --> 01:11:15,519 continuing to track changes to the surface on foot. 1140 01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:19,519 And frequently scanning every inch of the floe 1141 01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:20,679 from the air 1142 01:11:20,760 --> 01:11:22,719 to create a detailed 3D model 1143 01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:24,439 of the ever-changing ice. 1144 01:11:26,840 --> 01:11:30,079 With every single day, more vital data. 1145 01:11:35,560 --> 01:11:39,399 But then, a crisis that no one could have predicted. 1146 01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:43,159 [Angela Merkel, in German] This is serious. 1147 01:11:43,240 --> 01:11:45,879 Please take it seriously. 1148 01:11:45,960 --> 01:11:50,479 I want to explain to you where we currently stand in the epidemic. 1149 01:11:50,560 --> 01:11:53,159 [Boris Johnson] All over the world we're seeing the devastating impact 1150 01:11:53,240 --> 01:11:54,879 of this invisible killer. 1151 01:11:59,760 --> 01:12:03,399 With the coronavirus, it's crazy. 1152 01:12:03,480 --> 01:12:07,399 I can't imagine what anyone at home is going through. 1153 01:12:07,480 --> 01:12:10,919 All we're relying on is a few messages from friends, 1154 01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:12,759 a few messages from family, 1155 01:12:12,840 --> 01:12:14,879 just telling us about the situation. 1156 01:12:14,960 --> 01:12:16,439 And it's really hard to take yourself 1157 01:12:16,520 --> 01:12:19,919 out of this extreme location in the Arctic 1158 01:12:20,000 --> 01:12:25,559 and think that life isn't how you left it at home. 1159 01:12:25,640 --> 01:12:29,519 This is quite stressful for a lot of people onboard. 1160 01:12:29,600 --> 01:12:31,639 [wind gusting] 1161 01:12:37,160 --> 01:12:38,679 [John] My parents are in their 70s. 1162 01:12:38,760 --> 01:12:40,479 They live just outside of New York City, 1163 01:12:40,560 --> 01:12:43,119 where there are a lot of infections and a lot of deaths. 1164 01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:45,479 I'm worried that if my wife were to get sick, 1165 01:12:45,560 --> 01:12:47,999 then there's no one to take care of our 11-year-old daughter. 1166 01:12:48,080 --> 01:12:50,559 And the longer I stay here, 1167 01:12:50,640 --> 01:12:53,559 the greater the chance that something happens at home, 1168 01:12:53,640 --> 01:12:55,359 that I'm not there to help with. 1169 01:12:55,440 --> 01:12:56,919 And so that's created a lot of stress for me. 1170 01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:00,679 And so that's part of why I want to get back. 1171 01:13:06,480 --> 01:13:08,919 [narrator] The Polarstern was due to be resupplied, 1172 01:13:09,000 --> 01:13:12,399 and the team replaced in just two weeks' time. 1173 01:13:12,480 --> 01:13:17,479 But as the world locks down, that's now impossible. 1174 01:13:17,560 --> 01:13:21,319 Suddenly, the future of the entire expedition 1175 01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:23,119 hangs by a thread. 1176 01:13:26,120 --> 01:13:27,799 [Shupe] It's one thing if the sea ice 1177 01:13:27,880 --> 01:13:30,439 breaks up more than you planned on. 1178 01:13:32,120 --> 01:13:33,639 We didn't know there was going be a pandemic. 1179 01:13:33,720 --> 01:13:35,519 We didn't plan on that playing out 1180 01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:37,559 and affecting our ability 1181 01:13:37,640 --> 01:13:40,079 to get people out to the Arctic and back. 1182 01:13:40,160 --> 01:13:41,559 And so there's this increasing risk 1183 01:13:41,640 --> 01:13:43,559 that it will take down MOSAiC altogether. 1184 01:13:55,560 --> 01:13:57,679 [narrator] There are no icebreakers available 1185 01:13:57,760 --> 01:14:00,599 to bring the new crew and supplies to the Polarstern. 1186 01:14:02,600 --> 01:14:07,399 So, to save the expedition, they make a radical decision. 1187 01:14:13,960 --> 01:14:16,679 Leaving a few remote devices behind 1188 01:14:16,760 --> 01:14:19,119 to continue to collect data, 1189 01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:20,679 they leave their floe. 1190 01:14:28,520 --> 01:14:30,239 [Shupe] Bringing the ship out of the ice 1191 01:14:30,320 --> 01:14:33,559 was... was kind of the last thing that I would have wanted. 1192 01:14:35,720 --> 01:14:37,319 But this is necessary 1193 01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:39,559 in order to allow the expedition to continue on. 1194 01:14:50,640 --> 01:14:52,559 [narrator] Collecting supplies 1195 01:14:52,640 --> 01:14:54,959 and a new quarantined team 1196 01:14:55,040 --> 01:14:58,119 will take Polarstern out of the ice for a full month. 1197 01:14:59,520 --> 01:15:01,519 But it means that against the odds, 1198 01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:03,439 they can return to complete the mission. 1199 01:15:04,720 --> 01:15:06,439 [indistinct chatter] 1200 01:15:08,560 --> 01:15:10,239 [Fong] Our waiting time was over, 1201 01:15:10,320 --> 01:15:11,679 and now it's go time. 1202 01:15:11,760 --> 01:15:14,519 So suddenly, you can feel this energy. 1203 01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:17,079 And we're headed back to the central Arctic 1204 01:15:17,160 --> 01:15:18,759 looking for our floe, 1205 01:15:18,840 --> 01:15:20,239 to continue science. 1206 01:15:28,280 --> 01:15:32,599 [Shupe] I'm so relieved that we were able to find a way 1207 01:15:32,680 --> 01:15:34,719 to keep our expedition going... 1208 01:15:36,840 --> 01:15:40,239 and to see how the Arctic starts to respond 1209 01:15:40,320 --> 01:15:44,199 to the onset of melt as the summer season sets in. 1210 01:15:49,080 --> 01:15:52,719 It's on us to keep things going. 1211 01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:11,759 [narrator] Mid-June, and at last, Polarstern returns 1212 01:16:11,840 --> 01:16:13,359 to its ice floe, 1213 01:16:13,440 --> 01:16:15,799 which has now drifted to just 200 miles 1214 01:16:15,880 --> 01:16:17,759 from the edge of the ice pack, 1215 01:16:17,840 --> 01:16:21,519 where it will finally break up and melt into the Atlantic. 1216 01:16:34,160 --> 01:16:36,239 The melting has started. 1217 01:16:39,120 --> 01:16:41,839 [Shupe] We can see that the melt season 1218 01:16:41,920 --> 01:16:44,879 is starting to take hold. 1219 01:16:44,960 --> 01:16:48,039 There's the early formation of melt ponds on the surface. 1220 01:16:48,120 --> 01:16:51,239 And I'm trying to look around and recognize 1221 01:16:51,320 --> 01:16:53,199 different aspects of the floe. 1222 01:16:53,280 --> 01:16:55,159 Truthfully, I don't even recognize it at all. 1223 01:16:57,160 --> 01:16:59,479 The dark side sampling area, we passed back there. 1224 01:16:59,560 --> 01:17:01,399 And then another one used to be over here, 1225 01:17:01,480 --> 01:17:03,239 but then it has shifted over to there. 1226 01:17:07,080 --> 01:17:10,239 [Shupe] It's so important for us to get our equipment up and running 1227 01:17:10,320 --> 01:17:11,959 as fast as possible. 1228 01:17:12,040 --> 01:17:15,279 This transition is really essential 1229 01:17:15,360 --> 01:17:18,439 as we move from spring into summer, 1230 01:17:18,520 --> 01:17:21,599 and the whole surface starts to transform. 1231 01:17:23,040 --> 01:17:24,479 [narrator] The team rebuilds 1232 01:17:24,560 --> 01:17:26,559 on the few higher ridges of ice, 1233 01:17:26,640 --> 01:17:30,479 their best chance of keeping equipment safe and dry. 1234 01:17:34,720 --> 01:17:36,719 [Shupe] It's a race now. 1235 01:17:36,800 --> 01:17:40,039 I'm stressed out for sure. Yeah, it's... 1236 01:17:40,120 --> 01:17:41,679 You know, not everything's going right. 1237 01:17:41,760 --> 01:17:44,399 It's certainly hard with all these melt ponds. 1238 01:17:44,480 --> 01:17:46,359 So that's something that will continue 1239 01:17:46,440 --> 01:17:48,079 to get more and more challenging. 1240 01:17:54,040 --> 01:17:54,959 It's nice today. 1241 01:17:56,680 --> 01:17:59,039 [narrator] As the eco team explores the floe, 1242 01:17:59,120 --> 01:18:01,519 there's a sign of just how challenging 1243 01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,279 this final phase of the mission will be. 1244 01:18:07,640 --> 01:18:10,039 [Fong] We're maybe only out for two hours, 1245 01:18:10,120 --> 01:18:11,559 three hours at most. 1246 01:18:12,880 --> 01:18:16,639 The ice floe begins to shift. 1247 01:18:18,720 --> 01:18:20,159 The lead begins to open, 1248 01:18:20,240 --> 01:18:22,999 and not only can we not cross back over, 1249 01:18:23,080 --> 01:18:25,319 we're getting further and further away from the ship. 1250 01:18:25,400 --> 01:18:27,559 [indistinct radio chatter] 1251 01:18:27,640 --> 01:18:30,199 [woman, over radio] We cannot see you that clearly from the bridge. 1252 01:18:30,280 --> 01:18:33,519 [Fong] The ice changed within a matter of minutes. 1253 01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:37,079 And it's clear that there's no way for us to get back 1254 01:18:37,160 --> 01:18:38,679 the way we came. 1255 01:18:40,840 --> 01:18:42,839 So the only option at that point 1256 01:18:42,920 --> 01:18:46,559 is either wait it out until the lead closes, 1257 01:18:46,640 --> 01:18:48,959 which there's no way to predict, 1258 01:18:49,040 --> 01:18:52,279 or mount a helicopter recovery. 1259 01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:01,959 To actually experience it 1260 01:19:02,040 --> 01:19:04,719 really made me feel very vulnerable. 1261 01:19:06,360 --> 01:19:08,639 I mean, the wind conditions were very light. 1262 01:19:08,720 --> 01:19:12,559 So this is just normal ice dynamics, 1263 01:19:12,640 --> 01:19:13,999 and a clear indicator and sign 1264 01:19:14,080 --> 01:19:15,159 of just how different things are. 1265 01:19:19,120 --> 01:19:20,439 -[John] Ah! -Thank you. 1266 01:19:20,520 --> 01:19:21,759 [both laugh] 1267 01:19:21,840 --> 01:19:23,919 [Fong] We were lucky. 1268 01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:27,079 We just realized how careful we need to be 1269 01:19:27,160 --> 01:19:29,439 of the conditions that we're working in now. 1270 01:19:33,680 --> 01:19:35,879 [narrator] The question on everyone's mind is, 1271 01:19:35,960 --> 01:19:38,639 how long will their ice floe last? 1272 01:19:45,400 --> 01:19:47,119 [Amy] So this one, can you see it? 1273 01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:49,599 -[Fong] Oh, yeah, yeah. -[Amy] There's a few lines. 1274 01:19:49,680 --> 01:19:51,399 This is undergoing melting. 1275 01:19:51,480 --> 01:19:52,519 Yes, I see. 1276 01:19:55,960 --> 01:19:59,319 [narrator] The snow that helped protect the ice from the sun 1277 01:19:59,400 --> 01:20:02,079 is now having the opposite effect. 1278 01:20:03,920 --> 01:20:06,199 [Amy] The water in the snow, 1279 01:20:06,280 --> 01:20:10,159 it's just trickling down and pooling on the ice. 1280 01:20:10,240 --> 01:20:13,599 And as the temperatures warm up, 1281 01:20:13,680 --> 01:20:15,999 the ice starts to become-- We call it rotten. 1282 01:20:17,920 --> 01:20:19,879 The processes and changes have been really quick, 1283 01:20:19,960 --> 01:20:22,719 a lot quicker than I thought they were going to be. 1284 01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:24,599 So how long have we got? 1285 01:20:24,680 --> 01:20:26,279 [laughs] That's a good question. 1286 01:20:33,520 --> 01:20:35,239 [narrator] It's mid-summer, 1287 01:20:35,320 --> 01:20:37,479 and after drifting over a thousand miles 1288 01:20:37,560 --> 01:20:39,359 from where they joined it, 1289 01:20:39,440 --> 01:20:42,919 their ice floe is now just 80 miles from open ocean. 1290 01:20:49,920 --> 01:20:51,319 [Rex] A typical summer day here 1291 01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:53,439 in this part of the Arctic... 1292 01:20:53,520 --> 01:20:55,119 you can't see much. 1293 01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:57,599 The warm, humid air from the ocean 1294 01:20:57,680 --> 01:20:59,479 drifts above the sea ice, 1295 01:20:59,560 --> 01:21:01,119 and immediately you get fog. 1296 01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:03,239 And that is why we now had many, many days 1297 01:21:03,320 --> 01:21:04,999 of very foggy weather. 1298 01:21:07,040 --> 01:21:09,119 [narrator] And the reduced visibility 1299 01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:11,959 makes it difficult to spot danger. 1300 01:21:13,680 --> 01:21:15,399 [man, over radio] We just received information 1301 01:21:15,480 --> 01:21:17,519 that there's a polar bear in close vicinity. 1302 01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:20,799 Can you pick up five people in the helicopter right now? 1303 01:21:23,360 --> 01:21:25,039 [Shupe] It seems like almost a week straight 1304 01:21:25,120 --> 01:21:26,559 we've had bears showing up in camp. 1305 01:21:26,640 --> 01:21:29,599 -[man] Hey, hey! -[all shouting loudly] 1306 01:21:29,680 --> 01:21:31,799 [banging] 1307 01:21:31,880 --> 01:21:34,519 [gun pops] 1308 01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:36,999 [woman] Yeah, this is a bite mark. 1309 01:21:39,080 --> 01:21:41,399 [Fong] We're constantly stopping work. 1310 01:21:41,480 --> 01:21:43,719 Every day, we prepare 1311 01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:46,239 for the best-case scenario that we're out there. 1312 01:21:47,640 --> 01:21:50,519 [growling] 1313 01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:52,279 But there's a very, very good chance 1314 01:21:52,360 --> 01:21:55,039 that we won't be able to complete today's work. 1315 01:21:57,480 --> 01:21:59,639 [boat horn blows] 1316 01:22:12,480 --> 01:22:14,639 [narrator] Twenty-four-hour sunlight 1317 01:22:14,720 --> 01:22:17,999 is taking its toll on the ice floe, 1318 01:22:18,080 --> 01:22:21,479 now just 30 miles from the open ocean. 1319 01:22:25,240 --> 01:22:28,439 [Shupe] We're in a little more tenuous situation. 1320 01:22:28,520 --> 01:22:31,399 Pretty soon, the ice will be getting really thin 1321 01:22:31,480 --> 01:22:34,959 and potentially we'll be starting to feel some waves. 1322 01:22:37,520 --> 01:22:38,919 We don't know how it's going to play out, 1323 01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,919 and it could be a very dangerous situation, 1324 01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:45,559 where the ice floe breaks into small pieces. 1325 01:22:45,640 --> 01:22:47,479 It could be any day now. 1326 01:22:49,360 --> 01:22:51,519 We really want to keep the instruments on the ice 1327 01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:53,119 as long as we can. 1328 01:23:01,720 --> 01:23:04,599 [Fong] Every day is a day that you don't get back. 1329 01:23:04,680 --> 01:23:07,799 You get one day to do the best possible science... 1330 01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:15,439 to do another set of exciting activities as a part of MOSAiC. 1331 01:23:15,520 --> 01:23:17,319 [indistinct radio chatter] 1332 01:23:17,400 --> 01:23:19,079 Yeah, that's kind of nice. 1333 01:23:19,160 --> 01:23:21,039 So then we don't have to bring things into the lab. 1334 01:23:21,120 --> 01:23:22,279 We can just fill it here directly. 1335 01:23:22,360 --> 01:23:23,919 [woman] Yeah. 1336 01:23:25,440 --> 01:23:27,839 [Fong] I've never worked so hard in my life. 1337 01:23:27,920 --> 01:23:31,079 Just the schedule, the pace of our work. 1338 01:23:32,760 --> 01:23:35,479 There's no time to breathe. 1339 01:23:40,080 --> 01:23:41,839 [Shupe] People are working so hard, 1340 01:23:41,920 --> 01:23:43,439 around the clock, 1341 01:23:43,520 --> 01:23:46,759 to really maximize our opportunity 1342 01:23:46,840 --> 01:23:48,959 to be here with the MOSAiC floe 1343 01:23:49,040 --> 01:23:51,639 in its last days of existence. 1344 01:23:55,280 --> 01:23:58,799 [Fong] You know, sea ice, it has a lifetime of its own. 1345 01:23:58,880 --> 01:24:01,239 And so we watched it grow 1346 01:24:01,320 --> 01:24:03,799 at the beginning of legs one and two. 1347 01:24:05,320 --> 01:24:07,679 And now we're watching it decay. 1348 01:24:11,720 --> 01:24:13,279 [narrator] And in 2020, 1349 01:24:13,360 --> 01:24:16,799 that decay is happening especially fast. 1350 01:24:16,880 --> 01:24:18,799 A heat wave across the Arctic 1351 01:24:18,880 --> 01:24:21,599 has sparked wildfires in Siberia. 1352 01:24:21,680 --> 01:24:25,959 Frozen ground and sea ice are melting faster than ever. 1353 01:24:27,600 --> 01:24:30,199 But there's another accelerating melt 1354 01:24:30,280 --> 01:24:33,919 that could be most damaging of all. 1355 01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:38,319 Less than 200 miles from the Polarstern is Greenland, 1356 01:24:38,400 --> 01:24:40,839 the world's largest island. 1357 01:24:42,720 --> 01:24:47,479 Covered in vast sheets of ice, in places three miles deep, 1358 01:24:47,560 --> 01:24:52,079 it holds around 10% of all the ice on Earth. 1359 01:24:52,160 --> 01:24:54,759 But it, too, is melting fast. 1360 01:24:56,600 --> 01:24:59,319 We've often thought that ice sheets are quite stable, 1361 01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:02,079 and I think they're starting to show signs of instability. 1362 01:25:03,480 --> 01:25:05,639 [John] We have satellite observations 1363 01:25:05,720 --> 01:25:07,319 of melt on Greenland, 1364 01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:09,919 and we can see that the melt is accelerating. 1365 01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:12,879 And that melt contributes to sea level rise. 1366 01:25:14,720 --> 01:25:16,599 [narrator] Unlike sea ice, 1367 01:25:16,680 --> 01:25:19,719 which doesn't directly affect the level of the oceans, 1368 01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:24,199 melting ice from land will have dramatic consequences. 1369 01:25:26,440 --> 01:25:28,399 [John] It just is one of the scariest, 1370 01:25:28,480 --> 01:25:30,319 in my opinion, 1371 01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:32,519 impacts of climate change in the polar regions, 1372 01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:34,679 is how high is sea level going to go? 1373 01:25:35,840 --> 01:25:37,119 [Julienne] So, you know, 1374 01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:39,079 when we look at future projections, 1375 01:25:39,160 --> 01:25:41,999 we're looking at one metre to three metres of sea level rise 1376 01:25:42,080 --> 01:25:43,559 at the end of the century, 1377 01:25:43,640 --> 01:25:46,919 are the best estimates that we currently have. 1378 01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:49,959 Large parts of coastal regions will be underwater. 1379 01:25:51,280 --> 01:25:54,679 If you look at forecasts just for London... 1380 01:25:56,080 --> 01:25:57,359 London's going to be flooded. 1381 01:25:58,960 --> 01:26:00,239 [John] Places like Florida, 1382 01:26:00,320 --> 01:26:01,879 you look at projections, 1383 01:26:01,960 --> 01:26:05,879 and this peninsula of land just gets whittled away. 1384 01:26:09,640 --> 01:26:12,199 And then you have less developed places, like Bangladesh, 1385 01:26:12,280 --> 01:26:15,319 with this vast, low-lying coastal areas, 1386 01:26:15,400 --> 01:26:17,479 it impacts, you know, the millions of people 1387 01:26:17,560 --> 01:26:19,039 that are living there. 1388 01:26:23,000 --> 01:26:26,239 [Julienne] And so you're going to have these mass migrations of people. 1389 01:26:26,320 --> 01:26:28,199 I mean, I don't know what's going to happen. 1390 01:26:33,080 --> 01:26:36,319 [John] It's a massive issue, 1391 01:26:36,400 --> 01:26:39,519 and there isn't any evidence that it's turning around, right? 1392 01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:41,319 By the end of the 21st century, 1393 01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:43,719 sea levels are going to be a lot higher than they are now. 1394 01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:46,279 And we'll be dealing with those impacts. 1395 01:27:00,920 --> 01:27:02,959 [Rex] Good morning, everybody. 1396 01:27:03,040 --> 01:27:06,079 We are at a distance of nine nautical miles 1397 01:27:06,160 --> 01:27:07,959 from the ice edge. 1398 01:27:08,040 --> 01:27:11,439 And that is the distance where we need to take things down. 1399 01:27:11,520 --> 01:27:14,159 It's time to say goodbye to our research camp. 1400 01:27:14,240 --> 01:27:15,639 [applause] 1401 01:27:15,720 --> 01:27:16,759 Release! 1402 01:27:25,760 --> 01:27:27,359 [Shupe] We measured right up to the end, 1403 01:27:27,440 --> 01:27:30,319 and actually that feels great. 1404 01:27:32,240 --> 01:27:34,079 [Amy] We're working until the very limit 1405 01:27:34,160 --> 01:27:36,279 to be able to work on this floe. 1406 01:27:36,360 --> 01:27:38,959 It's quite an exciting thing to go through. 1407 01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,519 [Fong] So I wake up and I go to the bridge... 1408 01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:20,759 [indistinct radio chatter] 1409 01:28:20,840 --> 01:28:21,999 ...and there's nothing. 1410 01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:30,439 [Shupe] Our floe is gone. 1411 01:28:30,520 --> 01:28:31,839 It's totally gone. 1412 01:28:34,360 --> 01:28:36,639 It's disintegrated into a thousand pieces. 1413 01:28:39,920 --> 01:28:44,199 [Fong] Overnight, we went from having a floe that we could work on, 1414 01:28:44,280 --> 01:28:46,519 that we're moving heavy equipment on, 1415 01:28:46,600 --> 01:28:50,199 to literally shambles of ice. 1416 01:28:51,320 --> 01:28:53,199 It was incredible. 1417 01:29:01,920 --> 01:29:05,519 [narrator] Soon after their ice floe melts away into the ocean, 1418 01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:07,679 2020 is confirmed 1419 01:29:07,760 --> 01:29:11,559 as the second lowest summer sea ice extent on record. 1420 01:29:13,280 --> 01:29:15,039 Across the Arctic, 1421 01:29:15,120 --> 01:29:19,159 vast areas are ice-free for the first time ever. 1422 01:29:19,240 --> 01:29:21,879 There are even patches of open water 1423 01:29:21,960 --> 01:29:23,959 at the North Pole itself. 1424 01:29:31,760 --> 01:29:33,319 [Julienne] We don't have that much time left. 1425 01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:35,159 If you're thinking in the next 20 years 1426 01:29:35,240 --> 01:29:37,119 the Arctic Ocean's going to lose its summer sea ice, 1427 01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:38,679 that's a big climate shift. 1428 01:29:38,760 --> 01:29:40,399 And this isn't something that has happened 1429 01:29:40,480 --> 01:29:41,919 in at least tens of thousands, 1430 01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:43,399 if not hundreds of thousands of years. 1431 01:29:45,720 --> 01:29:47,479 [John] As a climate scientist, 1432 01:29:47,560 --> 01:29:53,039 I have a sense of what changes to expect in the next century. 1433 01:29:54,160 --> 01:29:55,639 But how society responds to that, 1434 01:29:55,720 --> 01:29:57,679 I don't know. 1435 01:29:57,760 --> 01:29:59,719 What that means for unrest, 1436 01:29:59,800 --> 01:30:03,319 for displacement of millions and millions of people... 1437 01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:06,559 It's scary. 1438 01:30:12,840 --> 01:30:14,519 The problem is that climate change 1439 01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:17,879 is this gradual, creeping change. 1440 01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:22,519 I think eventually we're going to cross a threshold 1441 01:30:22,600 --> 01:30:24,879 where the weather and the climate 1442 01:30:24,960 --> 01:30:27,799 becomes so different from what we're able to deal with, 1443 01:30:27,880 --> 01:30:30,719 that it will become a crisis. 1444 01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:34,359 It'll become urgent, like Covid has been for us. 1445 01:30:38,760 --> 01:30:42,119 [Fong] Here's the question I would like to pose: 1446 01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:44,119 Why not act now? 1447 01:30:45,400 --> 01:30:47,079 [Julienne] We saw how quickly 1448 01:30:47,160 --> 01:30:49,479 the world can respond when there's a threat, 1449 01:30:49,560 --> 01:30:51,039 an immediate threat, like Covid. 1450 01:30:52,360 --> 01:30:54,599 [John] Humans are very resilient. 1451 01:30:54,680 --> 01:30:56,759 We're very innovative. 1452 01:30:56,840 --> 01:30:58,559 We can come up with ways to solve this. 1453 01:30:58,640 --> 01:31:03,719 But we need to start working together more than we are. 1454 01:31:10,840 --> 01:31:15,159 MOSAiC is a symbol of what we need to deal with 1455 01:31:15,240 --> 01:31:16,879 the challenges we face. 1456 01:31:18,720 --> 01:31:21,479 It's a global problem, and you solve global problems 1457 01:31:21,560 --> 01:31:23,839 by acting as a global community. 1458 01:31:29,840 --> 01:31:31,519 [Shupe] We're leaving the Arctic now 1459 01:31:31,600 --> 01:31:34,479 with a tremendous amount of new knowledge. 1460 01:31:38,480 --> 01:31:41,839 What each team has found has been really extraordinary. 1461 01:31:43,320 --> 01:31:45,279 The implications are huge. 1462 01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:53,319 [narrator] They've found evidence of our warming oceans... 1463 01:31:55,920 --> 01:31:58,399 discovered surprising properties of Arctic snow... 1464 01:32:00,080 --> 01:32:02,399 and witnessed how the ever-changing ice 1465 01:32:02,480 --> 01:32:05,039 impacts everything from greenhouse gases 1466 01:32:05,120 --> 01:32:07,959 to our winds and weather. 1467 01:32:08,040 --> 01:32:10,359 Together, it's the most complete picture 1468 01:32:10,440 --> 01:32:12,999 of the Arctic ever created. 1469 01:32:13,080 --> 01:32:15,239 [Rex] We bring back a treasure 1470 01:32:15,320 --> 01:32:18,159 of scientific data-- 1471 01:32:18,240 --> 01:32:22,399 this treasure will influence climate science forever. 1472 01:32:29,440 --> 01:32:30,959 [Vishnu] I'm hopeful. 1473 01:32:33,200 --> 01:32:34,479 It's hard. 1474 01:32:34,560 --> 01:32:36,439 But we can make a change. 1475 01:32:36,520 --> 01:32:37,759 Always. 1476 01:32:42,680 --> 01:32:47,559 Saving the polar regions is also saving our way of life. 1477 01:32:50,120 --> 01:32:51,759 [Fong] The world is changing, 1478 01:32:51,840 --> 01:32:53,959 and there is something that we can do about it, 1479 01:32:54,040 --> 01:32:57,239 but it takes us making better choices 1480 01:32:57,320 --> 01:32:59,399 about our everyday lives. 1481 01:32:59,480 --> 01:33:02,919 And so, I hope that what you've seen 1482 01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:08,159 encourages you to believe in the power of science, 1483 01:33:08,240 --> 01:33:12,039 that as we continue to be curious about our world, 1484 01:33:12,120 --> 01:33:14,439 it will help us protect it. 1485 01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:20,639 What is at stake? 1486 01:33:21,520 --> 01:33:24,519 Everything, I would say. 1487 01:33:25,600 --> 01:33:29,239 [♪]